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Chemistry > Unit 25 & 26 - Qualitative Analysis: Tests For Ions/ Bulk And Surface Properties Of Matter Inclusing Nanoparticles > Flashcards

Unit 25 & 26 - Qualitative Analysis: Tests For Ions/ Bulk And Surface Properties Of Matter Inclusing Nanoparticles Flashcards

1
Q

How do you carry out a flame test

A

Light a Bunsen burner and give it a blue flame
Pick up a small sample using a wire loop
Hold at the edge of the flame and observe the flame colour

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2
Q

What must you do to the wire loop before testing each flame sample

A

Clean it using hydrochloric acid

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3
Q

What metal might be used as the wire loop and why (2)

A

Platinum because it’s very unreactive and has a high melting point
Nichrome because it’s cheaper and produces a faint orange colour

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4
Q

What colour does the flame turn with Li+

A

Red

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5
Q

What colour does the flame turn with Na+

A

Yellow

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6
Q

What colour does the flame turn with K+

A

Lilac

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7
Q

What colour does the flame turn with Ca2+

A

Orange-red

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8
Q

What colour does the flame turn with copper Cu2+

A

Blue-green

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9
Q

What is a flame photometer

A

A machine that measures the light intensity of the flame colours

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10
Q

Why is flame photometry better than flame tests? (3)

A

More sensitive, more accurate, faster

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11
Q

What is a standard solution

A

A solution containing precisely known measurements of substances

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12
Q

Give a way of treating contaminated water with drains from mines

A

Using sodium hydroxide solution

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13
Q

What do sodium hydroxide precipitation reactions involve

A

Adding it to a test to identify dissolved metal ions

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14
Q

When Fe2+ is added to sodium hydroxide, what colour is the precipitate?

A

Green

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15
Q

When Fe3+ is added to sodium hydroxide, what colour is the precipitate?

A

Brown

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16
Q

When Cu2+ is added to sodium hydroxide, what colour is the precipitate?

A

Blue

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17
Q

When Ca2+ is added to sodium hydroxide, what colour is the precipitate?

A

White

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18
Q

When Al3+ is added to sodium hydroxide, what colour is the precipitate?

A

White

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19
Q

How can you distinguish calcium ions and aluminium ions if they both form white precipitates?

A

Aluminium hydroxide disappears to form a colourless solution when excess sodium hydroxide is added but calcium hydroxide doesn’t

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20
Q

What is the tests for ammonia ions

A

Ammonia changes damp red litmus paper blue

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21
Q

What do rocks with carbonate minerals produce when added to HCl

A

Bubbles of CO2

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22
Q

What is the tests for carbonate ions

A

Adding HCl makes CO2

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23
Q

What is the test for sulphate ions

A

Add HCl to acidity solution and remove carbonate ions, add some barium chloride, if sulphate is present, a white precipitate forms

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24
Q

What is the precipitate formed when barium chloride is added to sulphate ions

A

Barium sulphate

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25
Q

Which is the only silver halide that is soluble in water

A

Silver fluoride

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26
Q

How do you detect chloride, bromide and iodide ions?

A

Add nitric acid to acidity solution and remove carbonate ions, then add silver nitrate which will change the colour

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27
Q

What colour does a solution with chloride ions turn

A

White

28
Q

What colour does a solution with bromide ions turn

A

Cream

29
Q

What colour does a solution with iodide ions turn

A

Yellow

30
Q

Explain the core practical - identifying ions for flame tests for metal cations

A

Light a Bunsen burner with a blue flame
Pick up a sample using a clean wire loop and hold it over the flame
Record the colour of the flame

31
Q

Explain the core practical - identifying ions for hydroxide precipitate tests for metal ions

A

Dissolve a little solid salt in a test tube using distilled water
Add a few drops of dilute sodium hydroxide and record colour of precipitate
If a white precipitate forms, add excess sodium hydroxide and see if it disappears

32
Q

Explain the core practical - identifying ions for ammonium ions

A

Dissolve some solid salt
Add some dilute sodium hydroxide and gently warm
Remove from flame and hold stamp red litmus paper near it
Record colour

33
Q

Explain the core practical - identifying ions for carbonate ions

A

Put some solid salt in a test tube and add dilute acid
Note down if any bubbling occurs
Use lime water to check if there is CO2

34
Q

Explain the core practical - identifying ions for sulphate ions

A

Dissolve some salt using distilled water
Add some dilute hydrochloric acid and add barium chloride solution
See if a white precipitate occurs

35
Q

Explain the core practical - identifying ions for halide ions

A

Dissolve some salt in a test tube using distilled water
Add some dilute nitric acid and then some silver nitrate
Record colour of precipitate

36
Q

What are ceramics

A

A range of durable compounds that change very little when heated

37
Q

Give 2 properties of ceramics

A

Poor electrical conductors, high melting points

38
Q

What structures are ceramics made from

A

Giant structures with many strong bonds

39
Q

Give 2 clay ceramics

A

Brick, china

40
Q

How are clay ceramics made

A

The clay is moulded and heated at a very high temperature which causes tiny crystals to join together

41
Q

How are bricks made

A

They are decorated by adding a coloured substance to the clay before heating

42
Q

How is porcelain and china made to have a waterproof, shiny coating

A

They are dipped in a glaze and heated strongly again

43
Q

How is glass made

A

By melting sand and allowing it to cool and solidify

44
Q

Why is glass transparent

A

The crystals are not arranged in a regular way

45
Q

What is the float process for making modern window glass

A

Molten glass is poured into a bath of molten tin where is spreads our, the flat layer of glass is drawn away and cooled

46
Q

Give 2 common properties of polymers

A

Strong and chemically unreactive

47
Q

What is rigid PVC used for

A

Underground pipes and window frames

48
Q

How can PVC be made softer and flexible

A

By adding substances called plasticisers

49
Q

What is flexible PVC used for

A

Indoor water pipes, waterproof flooring

50
Q

What is a composite material

A

A mixture of two or more materials combined to produce an improved material

51
Q

Give two points about the individual materials in a composite material

A

Often have contrasting properties

Usually visible in the composite material but can be separated using physical methods

52
Q

What is pykrete made from

A

Ice and wood pulp

53
Q

What is concrete made from

A

Cement, sand, aggregate and water

54
Q

What form the reinforcement in cement

A

Sand and aggregate

55
Q

What forms the matrix in cement

A

The reinforcement bonded together by cement

56
Q

What does high tensile strength mean

A

Resist to being stretched

57
Q

What is compressive strength

A

A measure of how well a material resists to being squashed

58
Q

Why do concrete beams tend to crack

A

It is weak in tension

59
Q

What is concrete reinforced with to make beams

A

Steel

60
Q

How is plywood made

A

Odd numbers of thin sheets of wood glued at right angles

61
Q

What do nanoparticles consist of

A

A few hundred atoms

62
Q

What are nanoparticulate substances

A

Substances that consist of nanoparticles

63
Q

Why might titanium dioxide cause cancer

A

It absorbed harmful ultraviolet radiation from sunlight

64
Q

Why is nanoparticulate titanium dioxide useful for invisible sun creams

A

The particles are tiny so it is transparent

65
Q

Why are nanoparticles good catalysts

A

They have a large surface area to volume ratio

66
Q

Why are nanoparticles a risk to human health

A

They are so small that they can be breathed in

Chemistry (12 decks)

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