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Chemistry > Unit 22, 23 & 24 - Hydrocarbons/ Alcohols And Carboxylic Acids/ Polymers > Flashcards

Unit 22, 23 & 24 - Hydrocarbons/ Alcohols And Carboxylic Acids/ Polymers Flashcards

(72 cards)

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1
Q

What are hydrocarbons

A

Compounds that only contains carbon and hydrogen atoms

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2
Q

What is the general formula for alkanes

A

CnH2n+2

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3
Q

What an homologous series?

A

A series of molecules that have a general formula

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4
Q

What does it mean if molecules are saturated

A

If all Carbon-Carbon covalent bonds are single bonds

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5
Q

What type of hydrocarbon is saturated

A

Alkanes

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6
Q

What is the order of prefixes

A

Meth, eth, prop, but

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7
Q

What is the general formula for alkenes

A

CnH2n

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8
Q

What is a functional group

A

An atom or group of atoms this is mainly responsible for a molecules chemical properties

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9
Q

What is the functional group for alkanes

A

C-H

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10
Q

What is the functional group for alkenes

A

C=C

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11
Q

How do you show an isomer on a diagram

A

Moving the double bond

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12
Q

What is complete combustion

A

When hydrocarbons are burned and produce CO2 and H2O as there is enough oxygen
All atoms are fully oxidised

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13
Q

What is incomplete combustion

A

When hydrocarbons are burned without enough oxygen so soot and carbon monoxide are produced

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14
Q

What is the test for alkanes and alkenes

A

Adding bromine water

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15
Q

What are the results for the bromine water test

A

Alkenes become colourless but alkanes don’t

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16
Q

Why do alkenes react with bromine water

A

The double bond reacts with bromine so it loses its colour

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17
Q

What is the product when ethene reacts with bromine

A

1,2-dibromoethane

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18
Q

What is an addition reaction

A

When reactants combine to form one larger product molecule without other products

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19
Q

What is the formula for ethanol

A

C2H5OH

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20
Q

What is ethanol in alcoholic drinks made from

A

Sugars

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21
Q

What is broken down for the sugars needed for ethanol

A

Starch molecules

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22
Q

What turns starch into sugars for ethanol

A

Enzymes

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23
Q

Where is the starch for ethanol found

A

In seeds

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24
Q

What is fermentation

A

When enzymes in the yeast turn sugars into ethanol and carbon dioxide

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25
What is the word equation for fermentation
Glucose -->ethanol + carbon dioxide
26
What type of respiration is yeast fermentation
Anaerobic
27
What concentration of alcohol does fermentation produce up to
15%
28
How are more concentrated solution of ethanol formed
By fractional distillation
29
Why does fractional distillation work to produce a higher concentration of ethanol
Ethanol has a lower boiling point than water
30
What is the general formula for alcohols
C2H2n+1OH
31
Give 2 properties of alcohols
Can be oxidised to form carboxylate acids | Produce CO2 and H2O in complete combustion
32
What is the functional group for alcohols
OH
33
What does an alcohols reactivity depend on
The length of the carbon chain, shorter means more reactive
34
Besides drinks, what else are alcohols used for (2)
Cosmetics | Medical drugs
35
What 3 alcohols are widely used for fuels
Methanol, ethanol
36
Explain the core practical - The combustion on alcohols
Measure mass of am alcohol burner and cap Put 100cm3 of water in a conical flask Measure temp of water and clamp above alcohol burner Light the wick of the primer and allow water to heat up by 40C Put cap on, measure temp and measure mass of burner Calculate mass of alcohol burned to produce a 1C rise in temp Repeat using different alcohols
37
What happens to wine if it is left open to the air
It turns to vinegar
38
What causes the sharp taste of vinegar
Ethanoic acid
39
What happens to ethanol to make it ethanoic acid
Oxidation, an oxygen molecule collides and one atom takes 2 hydrogen atoms to make H2O, the C atom without the hydrogen atoms forms a double bond with the other oxygen atom
40
What is the functional group for carboxylic acids
COOH
41
What are oxidising agents
Compounds containing oxygen used to oxides molecules in a reaction
42
Give 3 properties of carboxylic acids
Form solution with pH less than 7 React with bases to form salt and water React with carbonates to form salt, water and CO2
43
What is used to test form carbonate rocks like chalk and limestone
Vinegar, it fizzes and produces CO2
44
What are plastics made from
Polymers
45
What are polymers made from
Monomers
46
What is polymerisation
The process where monomers join together
47
What happens in addition polymerisation
The C=C bond breaks and form sing,e bonds on the ends
48
What does a repeating unit show
How the monomers has changed and how it repeats throughout the chain
49
What is a synthetic polymer
A polymer made in a lab
50
Give 3 naturally occurring polymers
DNA, starch and proteins
51
What is the full name for PVC
Poly(chloroethene)
52
What is poly(ethene) used for
Plastic bags and bottles
53
What is poly(propene) used for
Buckets
54
What is PVC used for
Window frames, gutters
55
What is PTFE used for
Non-stick coatings for frying pans
56
How are polyesters made
By condensation polymerisation
57
What happens in condensation polymerisation
Monomers join together and eliminate a small molecule such as water
58
What is the functional group for esters
-COO-
59
Describe the functional group for esters
C-O with =O on top of C
60
When are esters formed
When carboxylic acids react with alcohols
61
Why is the formation of esters a condensation reaction
Water is also produced
62
What is the word equation for the production of esters
Carboxylic acid + alcohol -> Ester + water
63
Where is the water molecule taken from for the production of esters
O-H from carboxylic acid, H from alcohol
64
What must each monomer have in order to create a polyester
2 functional groups, one at each end
65
What are polyesters used for
Bottles and clothes
66
What are most monomers used for synthetic polymers obtained from
Crude oil
67
What does biodegradable mean
They break down naturally by the environment
68
What does incinerated mean
Burned
69
What is a negative of burning plastics
They release carbon dioxide and some toxic substances
70
What helps to reduce the amount of waste in incinerators
Reusing materials like plastic bags
71
What are the main 6 steps for recycling polymers
``` Collect waste Sort waste Dispose waste that can’t be recycled Clean polymers and grind into clippings Purify clippings Melt clippings and process into a new product ```
72
What are used to help make sorting the polymers easier
Symbols and codes

Chemistry (12 decks)

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