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Geography-Zoe Brown > Unit 2B The Changing Economic World > Flashcards

Unit 2B The Changing Economic World Flashcards

1
Q

define Gross National Income (GNI)

A

total value of goods and services produced by a country in a year, including income from overseas

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2
Q

define GNI per head/ GNI per capita

A

GNI divided by population of a country

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3
Q

define Gross Domestic Product (GDP)

A

total value of goods and services a country produces in a year

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4
Q

define birth rate

A

number of live babies born per thousand of the population per year

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5
Q

define death rate

A

number of deaths per thousand of the population per year

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6
Q

define infant mortality rate

A

number of babies who die under 1 year old, per thousand babies born

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7
Q

define people per doctor

A

average number of people for each doctor

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8
Q

define literacy rate

A

percentage of adults who can read and write

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9
Q

define access to safe water

A

percentage of people who can get clean drinking water

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10
Q

define life expectancy

A

average age a person can expect to live for

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11
Q

Human Development Index

A

number calculated using life expectancy, education level and income per head. every country has an HDI value between 0(least developed) and 1(most developed)

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12
Q

how is development is linked t the Demographic transition model

A

DTM shows how changing birth rates and death rates affect population growth

  • birth + death rates differ in different countries, meaning population growth faster in some countries, especially in less developed contries
  • changing birth + death rates linked to country’s economic development so 5 stages of DTM linked to country’s development level
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13
Q

what is natural increase

A

when birth rate higher than death rate, so population grows

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14
Q

describe stage 1 of DTM

A
  • least developed
  • birth rate high, no use of contraception
  • death rate high, poor healthcare/famine
  • life expectancy low
  • income very low
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15
Q

describe stage 2 of DTM

A
  • not very developed, many LICs
  • economy based on agriculture so lots of children needed to work means birth rates high
  • death rates fall, improved healthcare and diet
  • life expectancy increases
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16
Q

describe stage 3 of DTM

A
  • more developed - most NEEs
  • birth rate falls rapidly, women more equal place in society + better education, use of contraception increases
  • economy changes to manufacturing, so income increases
  • healthcare improves so life expectancy increases
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17
Q

describe stage 4 and 5 of DTM

A
  • most developed, most HICs
  • birth rates low as people want possessions and high quality of life, and may have dependent elderly relatives, so less money available for having children
  • healthcare good, so death rate ow and life expectancy high
  • income high
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18
Q

describe a poor climate as a physical factor causing uneven development

A
  • if country has poor climate not much will grow, reduces amount food produced. can lead to malnutrition in some countries
  • fewer crops to sell, so less money to spend on goods and services, reduces quality of life
  • government gets less money from taxes, means lees to spend on developing country
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19
Q

describe few raw materials as a physical factor causing uneven development

A
  • countries without many raw materials tend make less money to spend on development
  • some countries do have lots raw materials, but not very developed because don’t have the money to develop infrastructure to exploit them
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20
Q

describe lots of natural hazards as a physical factor causing uneven development

A
  • lots money spent rebuilding after disasters occur
  • natural disasters reduce quality of life for people affected, and reduce amount of money government has to spend on development
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21
Q

describe colonisation as a historical factor causing uneven development

A

-countries that were colonised often at lower level of development when they gain independence than they would be if they had not been colonised

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22
Q

describe conflict as a historical factor causing uneven development

A
  • war can slow or reduce levels of development even after war is over
  • money spent on arms and fighting instead of development, people killed and damage done to infrastructure and property
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23
Q

describe poor trade links as an economic factor casing uneven development

A
  • trade is exchange of goods and services between countries
  • world trade patterns seriously influence country’s economy and so affect level of development
  • if country has poor trade links it won’t make lot of money, so there’ll be less to spend on development
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24
Q

describe lots of debt as an economic factor casing uneven development

A
  • very poor countries borrow money from other countries and international organisations
  • money has to be paid back
  • any money country makes used to pay back debt so isn’t used to develop
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25
Q

describe an economy based on primary products as an economic factor casing uneven development

A
  • countries that export mostly primary products less developed because don’t make much profit by selling primary goods, prices fluctuate
  • people don’t make much money, so government has less to spend on development
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26
Q

wealth consequences of uneven development

A
  • people in more developed countries have higher income than those in less developed countries
  • GNI per head in UK is over 40 times higher than in Chad
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27
Q

health consequences of uneven development

A
  • healthcare better in more developed countries
  • people in HICs live longer
  • infant mortality much higher in less developed countries
28
Q

international migration consequences of uneven development

A

-if nearby countries have higher level of development, people will seek to enter that country to make use of opportunities it provides to improve quality of life

29
Q

describe investment as a strategy used to reduce the development gap

A

foreign-direct investment (FDI) when people or companies in one country buy property or infrastructure in another . FDI leads to better access to finance, technology and expertise, and improved infrastructure, improved industry and an increase in services

30
Q

describe industrial development as a strategy used to reduce the development gap

A

countries with v low development, agriculture makes up large portion of economy. developing industry increases GNI and helps improve levels of development as productivity, levels of skill and infrastructure are improved

31
Q

describe tourism as a strategy used to reduce the development gap

A

can provide increased income as more money entering country.

32
Q

describe aid as a strategy used to reduce the development gap

A
  • given by 1 country to another as money or resources
  • spent on development projects
  • helps, but sometimes is wasted by corrupt governments, or once money runs out, projects can stop working is isn’t enough local knowledge and support to keep projects going
33
Q

describe using intermediate technology as a strategy used to reduce the development gap

A

-includes tools, machines and systems that improve life but simple to use, affordable to buy/build and cheap to maintain

34
Q

describe fair trade as a strategy used to reduce the development gap

A
  • about farmers getting fair price for goods produced in LICs
  • companies who wan to sell products labelled ‘fair trade’ have pay producers fair price
  • buyers pay extra on top to help develop area where goods come from
  • however, only tiny proportion of extra money reaches original producers, much goes o retailer’s profit
35
Q

describe debt relief as a strategy used to reduce the development gap

A

when some or all of countries debt cancelled, or interest rates, means more money to develop rather than pay back debt

36
Q

describe microfinance loans as a strategy used to reduce the development gap

A

when small loans given to people in LICs who may not be able to get loans from banks. loans enable them start own business + become financially independent

37
Q

describe how tourism is helping Kenya to increase its development

A

Kenya LIC in East Africa. attract tourists- tribal culture, safari wildlife, warm climate, beautiful unspoilt scenery.

  • visa fees for adults cut by 50% in 2009
  • landing fees at airports on Kenyan coast dropped for charter airlines
  • tourism increased from 0.9 million visitors per year in 1995 to 1.8 million in 2011
38
Q

explain the benefits of tourism’s effectiveness in Kenya

A
  • tourism contributes over 12% of Kenya’s GDP
  • nearly 600,000 people directly or indirectly employed by tourism industry
  • 24 national parks charge entry fees to tourists, money used maintain them
39
Q

explain the negatives of tourism’s effectiveness in Kenya

A
  • only small proportion of money earned goes to locals, rest goes to big companies, often based in HICs overseas
  • some Maasai tribespeople forced off their land to create national parks for tourism
  • tourism vehicles damage environment
40
Q

describe de-industrialisation and the decline of traditional industrial base as a cause of economic change in the UK

A

fewer jobs available in manufacturing and heavy industries. these industries once primary source of employment and income for UK

41
Q

describe globalisation as a cause of economic change in the UK

A

lot of manufacturing moved overseas, where labour costs lower, though headquarters of manufacturing companies have often remained in UK. trade with other countries is increasingly important part of UK GDP

42
Q

describe government policies as a cause of economic change in the UK

A

government decisions on investment in new infrastructure and technology and support for businesses affect how well economy grows. Membership in government groups makes easier for companies in UK to operate across world

43
Q

describe the development of information technology in moving towards a post-industrial economy

A

important part of UK’s economy, over 60,000 people employed in IT sector by companies like Microsoft and IBM

44
Q

describe services in moving towards a post-industrial economy

A

eg. retail, entertainment and personal services. retail is UK’s largest sector, employing 4.4 million people

45
Q

describe finance in moving towards a post-industrial economy

A

UK home to many global financial institution

46
Q

describe research in moving towards a post-industrial economy

A

research and development increasing in UK, making use of UK’s skilled university graduates. in 2013 nearly £30 billion spent on R&D in UK

47
Q

describe science and business parks in moving towards a post-industrial economy

A

often;

  • on outskirts of cities near to good transport links
  • close to housing, accommodate workforce
  • near universities so research businesses in science park can have access to university research
  • UK has high number of strong research universities for businesses on science parks to form links with
  • clusters of related businesses in 1 place can boost each other
48
Q

explain the impacts on the physical environment

A

-releasing pollutants, greenhouse gases or through raw material extraction

49
Q

give an example of how modern industrial development can be more environmentally sustainable

A

Jaguar Land Rover opened new engine manufacturing centre in Wolverhampton in 2014.factory designed to operate more sustainably- built to maximise natural cooling and natural light to reduce energy use, has solar panels in roof can generate 30% of the plant’s electricity. almost all of waste from plant recycled, small proportion going to landfill

50
Q

describe the social and economic changes in rural landscape in one area of population decline (Cumbria)

A

as population dropped caused decrease in services in Cumbria. Schools, shops and other businesses in some areas closing. unemployment above national average in 2 of 7 districts in Cumbria

51
Q

describe the social and economic changes in rural landscape in one area of population decline (North Somerset)

A

in North Somerset house prices rising which risks pricing out locals. Roads congested with people commuting to Bristol, and services like schools oversubscribed

52
Q

describe the improvements and new developments in roads

A

capacity on motorways being increased by upgrading to ‘smart motorways’ with extra lanes

53
Q

describe the improvements and new developments in railways

A

crossrail will increase central London’s rail capacity by 10% when opens in 2018. proposed HS2 line linking London, Birmingham, Leeds, and Manchester increase capacity and allow faster journeys between major English cities if its built

54
Q

describe the improvements and new developments in airports

A

UK government agreed that new runway needed in south est as existing airports are full or filing up

55
Q

describe the improvements and new developments in ports

A

new port, London gateway, operating at mouth of river Thames. if able to handle world’s largest container ships and hopes to become a hub for global trade

56
Q

describe the north-south divide

A

in general, economic and social indicators tend to be better in south than north;

  • wages generally lower in north than south
  • health generally better in south
  • education/ GCSE results generally better in south
57
Q

describe devolving more powers in trying to reduce the north-south divide

A

Scotland, Wales and northern Ireland have their own developed governments, and some powers are being devolved to local councils in England too. allows them to use money on schemes they feel will best benefit local community

58
Q

describe the northern powerhouse in trying to reduce the north-south divide

A

northern powerhouse government’s plan to reduce inequality between north and south by attracting investment into north and improving transport links between northern cities

59
Q

describe creating enterprise zones in trying to reduce the north-south divide

A

offer benefits to companies that locate there;
-reduced taxes
-simpler planning rules
-financial benefits
-improved infrastructure
measures used to encourage companies to locate in areas of high unemployment, bringing jobs and income, help reduce north-south divide

60
Q

describe the links through trade

A

UK trades globally, links to USA, Europe and Asia being particularly significant. UK’s overseas exports worth over £250 billion per year

61
Q

describe the links through culture

A

UK’s strong creative industries mean that UK culture is exported worldwide

62
Q

describe the links through transport

A

channel tunnel links UK to France by rail, providing route for goods and people to access mainland Europe. large airports like Heathrow act as hub and provide links to hundreds of countries around world

63
Q

describe the links through electronic communications

A

as well as being home to offices for many global IT firs, most of trans-Atlantic cables linking Europe with USA routed via UK

64
Q

describe the links through the EU

A

EU is economic and political partnership of 28 countries. membership of EU gives UK citizens and businesses access to large market without trade or political barriers. important part of UK’s economy- over £130 billion of UK’s exports to EU in 2015

65
Q

describe the links through the commonwealth

A

commonwealth is association of 53 independent states, including UK. exists to prove well being of everyone in commonwealth countries

Geography-Zoe Brown (10 decks)

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