Unit-3

Question 1

Additional insured:

Answer 1

Parties other than the named insured that are protected by a policy endorsement giving them direct protection for claims arising under the policy.

Question 2

Adjudication:

Answer 2

In the BIM Addendum, a decision by a court of law or arbitration about whether an owner owes a payment.

Question 3

Affiliated Contract:

Answer 3

A project contract with a consultant, subcontractor, supplier, or other third party (that is, other than a Governing Contract between the owner and architect/engineer or the owner and the contractor, CM, or design/builder) that requires the party to contribute to or use project modeling, and to which the BIM Addendum is attached or incorporated by reference.

Question 4

The American Institute of Architects (AIA):

Answer 4

The leading professional membership association in the United States for licensed architects, emerging professionals, and allied partners since 1857, www.aia.org.

Question 5

The American Institute of Steel Construction (AISC):

Answer 5

The leading professional membership association in the United States for design professionals, owners, and general contractors using steel construction. Founded in 1921, www.aisc.org.

Question 6

Analysis software:

Answer 6

Applications developed for the purpose of conducting complete engineering or other analyses of 3D modeling (for example, RISA-3D, RAM, STAAD.Pro, and ETABS).

Question 7

Architectural work:

Answer 7

The design of a building embodied by design records, including the building structure itself.

Question 8

The Associated General Contractors of America (AGC):

Answer 8

The leading national construction trade association representing all facets of commercial construction for both public and private entities including building, heavy, highway, and municipal projects. AGC and its nationwide network of chapters are recognized as the leaders in defining and advocating for the construction industry for nearly a century, www.agc.org.

Question 9

Author:

Answer 9

A party that creates intellectual property.

Question 10

BIM Project Execution Plan or BIM PXP:

Answer 10

A document (tool) jointly created by the owner, contractor, and architect/engineer representatives for the project that specifies the use of BIM, modeling conventions, model scheduling, and model exchanges between the parties using BIM on the project. The BIM Project Execution Plan is required to be created under the BIM Addendum and can be used as an independent document.

Question 11

BIM liability insurance:

Answer 11

A policy of insurance currently being developed that will provide greater coverage for an individual’s errors and omissions in making contributions to a model, rework needed to correct a model due to interoperability problems, and the need for recertification of a model due to negligence in contributing to or using a model.

Question 12

Builder’s risk insurance:

Answer 12

This insurance covers risks associated with unexpected losses to the work during construction, such as weather-related damage, theft, flood, and collapse of a partially completed structure.

Question 13

Building Information Modeling (BIM) Addendum:

Answer 13

Endorsed by a wide range of owner and construction industry groups, the BIM Addendum fosters the collaborative use of Building Information Modeling that appropriately balances critical interests and concerns of everyone who contributes to and uses BIM on a project. See ConsensusDocs, www.ConsensusDocs.org.

Question 14

Claims-made:

Answer 14

Insurance that covers only claims that the insured becomes aware of, or should have become aware of, during the policy period, even if the act, error, or omission that gave rise to the claim occurred before the policy period began.

Question 15

Co-authors:

Answer 15

One of two or more parties who contribute to a single work.

Question 16

Collaborative BIM:

Answer 16

A process where the project owner, architect/engineer, and contractor (and often, the subcontractors, supplier/manufacturers, tenants, and others) all participate in creating and using a model(s) for the project. This process is sometimes referred to as “big BIM.”

Question 17

Commercial General Liability Insurance (CGL):

Answer 17

Insurance coverage that protects the party it insures against risks of accidental physical injury to persons or property arising from negligence in performance of contracted work operations on a project.

Question 18

Completed operations:

Answer 18

A project on which the construction operations are complete.

Question 19

ConsensusDocs™:

Answer 19

ConsensusDocs contracts are written and endorsed by a coalition effort of 40 leading construction associations. The coalition’s goal is to draft fair documents that incorporate best practices to improve the design and construction industry. The library includes more than 90 contract documents covering all methods of project delivery. ConsensusDocs was the first to publish standard documents comprehensively addressing IPD (300); BIM (301); and Green Building (310), www.ConsensusDocs.org.

Question 20

Consequential damages:

Answer 20

In the context of the BIM Addendum, consequential damages include injury to anything other than the models themselves that arise as a consequence of model use or access.

Question 21

Constraints:

Answer 21

Formatting that establishes how the software will interpret specific design elements, such as walls, windows, doors, stairs and other primary building objects, in the growing model.

Question 22

Constructability review:

Answer 22

A process by which conflicts among various contributions of data and information to a model are resolved; sometimes referred to as clash detection, clash resolution or spatial coordination. Representatives of each Contributor work together to identify design conflicts and to reach an agreement on the best means of resolving them during this process.

Question 23

Construction Model:

Answer 23

A term created in the BIM Addendum for a Model that (a) consists of those aspects of the project that are to be modeled as specified in the BIM Execution Plan prepared pursuant to this Addendum; (b) utilizes data imported from Design Models or, if none, from a designer’s Construction Documents; and (c) contains the equivalent of shop drawings and other information useful for construction.

Question 24

Contract Document:

Answer 24

A document that the parties agree contains binding contractual obligations between them, rather than being solely advisory or informational. In the ConsensusDocs family, the Agreement, drawings, specifications, addenda issued prior to execution of the Agreement, approved submittals, information furnished by the project owner, and other documents listed by the parties, including any modifications issued after execution, are typically Contract Documents. Models may, but are not automatically presumed to be, Contract Documents under the BIM Addendum.

Question 25

Contractor:

Answer 25

The party on the project responsible for performing and overseeing construction by the party’s own and/or hired forces.

Question 26

Contractor Controlled Insurance Program (CCIP):

Answer 26

A type of specialty coverage intended to avoid gaps in coverage among the three main construction insurances. See also Owner Controlled Insurance Program and Wrap Up Insurance.

Question 27

Contractual privity:

Answer 27

Having a contractual relationship between two parties. A lack of privity may limit a party’s ability to assert claims. In the Design-Bid-Build construction context, a lack of contractual privity of the contractor with the architect/engineer results in the contractor being able to assert design defect claims to the owner, with whom the contractor is in privity. See also Spearin Doctrine.

Question 28

Contribution:

Answer 28

The expression, design, data, or information that a party (a) creates or prepares, and (b) incorporates, distributes, transmits, communicates, or otherwise shares with other parties for use in or in connection with a model for a project.

Question 29

Contributor:

Answer 29

A party who creates, prepares, incorporates, distributes, communicates, or otherwise shares a Model or Model data with others on a project.

Question 30

Convention:

Answer 30

A technical practice or protocol that is followed to govern model content definition.

Question 31

Copyright:

Answer 31

Property rights granted to protect works of authorship, such as writings, music, and works of art that have been tangibly expressed, or reduced to a fixed form.

Question 32

Copyright infringement:

Answer 32

Wrongful use of intellectual property or proprietary data derived from copyrighted work without permission from the copyright owner.

Question 33

Construction Manager-at-Risk (CM at-Risk):

Answer 33

Project delivery method where the owner has a contract with the CM at-Risk and another directly with the designer. The constructor typically provides essential pre-construction services, holds the trade contracts, takes responsibility for the performance of the work and guarantees the construction costs and schedule. The CM-at-Risk also serves as the prime contractor, assuming the risk of the performance, either by its own crews or by specialty contractors and suppliers.

Question 34

Data repurposing:

Answer 34

When integrating model designs or data using different software programs and one software lacks the ability to correctly interpret data generated by the other software, and so ignores (does not depict) or changes the first software’s model data when viewed or read by the second software.

Question 35

Deliverable:

Answer 35

A deliverable is the product of engineering or design efforts. Typically, this would include a concept submittal and the corrected final design. A deliverable may have multiple phases.

Question 36

Derivative work:

Answer 36

A work that is taken, translated, adapted, or in some way further developed from a previous copyrighted work. This subsequent product, in its derived form, enjoys copyright protection only to the extent of material independently contributed by the author of this additional work. Derivative of a derivative: An adaptation of a derivative work.

Question 37

Design-Bid-Build:

Answer 37

A method of project delivery in which the owner procures a design and bid package from an independent architect/engineer, uses competitive bidding to get bid prices for all work required to build the project as specified, and then selects a constructor to build the project, often on the basis of the low bid received from a responsible constructor.

Question 38

Design-Build:

Answer 38

A method of project delivery in which one firm assumes responsibility for both the design and the construction of the project. By combining these two functions from the outset of the project, Design-Build can promote a more collaborative team approach throughout the entire duration of the project.

Question 39

Design-Build Insurance:

Answer 39

Furnishes coverage for negligently-caused errors in design and construction of a project delivered on a Design-Build basis. The intent of this insurance is to furnish the equivalent coverage traditionally offered through both CGL coverage and professional liability coverage without a gap of uncovered loss between the two.

Question 40

Design Model:

Answer 40

Those aspects of the Project that (a) are to be modeled as specified in the BIM Execution Plan prepared pursuant to the BIM Addendum and (b) have reached the stage of completion that would customarily be expressed by the architect/engineer in 2D design documents ready for construction.

Question 41

Derivative work:

Answer 41

A work that is taken, translated, adapted, or in some way further developed from a previous copyrighted work. This subsequent product, in its derived form, enjoys copyright protection only to the extent of material independently contributed by the author of this additional work.

Question 42

Derivative of a derivative:

Answer 42

An adaptation of a derivative work.

Question 43

Design-Bid-Build:

Answer 43

A method of project delivery in which the owner procures a design and bid package from an independent architect/engineer, uses competitive bidding to get bid prices for all work required to build the project as specified, and then selects a constructor to build the project, often on the basis of the low bid received from a responsible constructor.

Question 44

Design-Build:

Answer 44

A method of project delivery in which one firm assumes responsibility for both the design and the construction of the project. By combining these two functions from the outset of the project, Design-Build can promote a more collaborative team approach throughout the entire duration of the project.

Question 45

Design-Build Insurance:

Answer 45

Furnishes coverage for negligently-caused errors in design and construction of a project delivered on a Design-Build basis. The intent of this insurance is to furnish the equivalent coverage traditionally offered through both CGL coverage and professional liability coverage without a gap of uncovered loss between the two.

Question 46

Design Model:

Answer 46

Those aspects of the Project that (a) are to be modeled as specified in the BIM Execution Plan prepared pursuant to the BIM Addendum and (b) have reached the stage of completion that would customarily be expressed by the architect/engineer in 2D design documents ready for construction.

Question 47

Designer:

Answer 47

The design professional on the project responsible for performing and overseeing overall project design.

Question 48

Dimensional accuracy:

Answer 48

A specific determination of the level of detail in the Project Models and whether it is accurate enough to take scaled measurements directly from the Models.

Question 49

Drawings:

Answer 49

Any (a) two-dimensional plans, sketches, or other drawings that are created separately, and not derived, from a model and (b) two-dimensional projections derived from a model supplemented with independent graphics or annotations. In the BIM Addendum, this term means only such two-dimensional documents that are also specified by the parties as Contract Documents. See also Contract Document.

Question 50

Duty of ordinary care:

Answer 50

The care that a reasonably prudent party in the same profession and geographic area would exercise when confronted with similar facts and circumstances. See also ordinary care.

Question 51

Electronic Communications Protocol (ECP) Addendum:

Answer 51

An Addendum to a contract that establishes protocol for electronic communications to be strictly followed by all project contributors. See ConsensusDocs.

Question 52

Elements:

Answer 52

Individual design components within BIM software that allow designers to create three-dimensional designs quickly and easily.

Question 53

Errors and Omissions (E&O) Insurance:

Answer 53

Protects professional service providers from damages or losses due to acts of negligence, or non-intentional acts, errors, or omissions in performance of their professional activities on a project. See also Professional Liability Insurance.

Question 54

Excess Policy:

Answer 54

A supplemental policy that increases the total amount available to pay for the same kinds of losses covered by another policy. See also Umbrella Policy.

Question 55

Federated Model:

Answer 55

A Model that is composed of multiple Models representing the input from all design disciplines on a project. The Model evolves through an iterative process where each subsequent iteration represents an advancement of the project designs. Ultimately, the Federated Model incorporates all 3D geometry and related object information. Under the BIM Addendum, contributions to a Federated Model do not become merged or altered and can be separated out of the Federated Model.

Question 56

Flow down clause:

Answer 56

A contract provision that requires the contracting parties to include the same or comparable term in other contracts they enter into for the same project. For example, in the ConsensusDocs BIM Addendum §1.2, parties that enter into Governing Contracts are required to append or incorporate the Addendum into their Governing Contract, but that section also has a flow down clause requiring those same parties to attach the Addendum to any other project contract where those third parties will participate in modeling.

Question 57

Format:

Answer 57

An agreed upon process that all Contributors to a Model consistently follow in naming files, objects, schedules, and other design elements. This may also include specific file structures for saving and exchanging Model data or certain software to develop and keep Model data secure.

Question 58

Full Design Model:

Answer 58

A Model consisting of coordinated structural, architectural, MEP, and other Design Models designated in the BIM Execution Plan to be produced by the design team.

Question 59

Governing Contracts:

Answer 59

The principal agreements between the project owner and contractor (or construction manager or design/builder), and the project owner and the architect/engineer for a project. Granularity: The level of detail depicted to scale accurately in a model. See also dimensional accuracy.

Question 60

Hard clash:

Answer 60

When two components physically overlap in the same space depicted on a virtual 3D model.

Question 61

Indemnitee:

Answer 61

A party protected by another party under a contract provision that shifts liability such that the indemnitor agrees to answer for the harm suffered by the indemnitee.

Question 62

Indemnitor:

Answer 62

A party who has a duty to make good a loss, damage, or liability incurred by another party by means of a contract provision that shifts liability from one party to another.

Question 63

Indemnity:

Answer 63

A duty undertaken by one party to make good a loss, damage, or liability incurred by another party. A contract provision that shifts liability from one party to another.

Question 64

Industry Foundation Classes (IFCs):

Answer 64

IFCs are data elements that represent parts of buildings, or elements of the design process, and contain the relevant information about those parts. IFCs are used by computer applications to assemble a computer-readable model of the facility that contains all the information of the parts and their relationships to be shared among Project Participants. The BuildingSMART Alliance has created this non-proprietary data exchange format to mitigate interoperability problems in modeling. See also interoperability.

Question 65

Information Management:

Answer 65

The measures that protect and defend model information and information systems with respect to their availability, integrity, authentication, confidentiality, and non-repudiation.

Question 66

Information Manager (IM):

Answer 66

he party responsible under the BIM Addendum for coordinating the measures that protect and defend model information and information systems with respect to their availability, integrity, authentication, confidentiality, and non-repudiation.

Question 67

Information Technology (IT) Administrators:

Answer 67

Representatives for the project owner, contractor, and architect/engineer who are authorized and responsible to coordinate their respective party’s compliance with the technical protocols and procedures related to information technology use, including BIM, for the project under the ECP Addendum.

Question 68

Information Technology (IT) Management Coordinator:

Answer 68

Provides dayto-day technology management and coordination for all project electronic communications issues.

Question 69

Information Technology (IT) Management Team:

Answer 69

The owner IT Administrator, contractor IT Administrator, and architect/engineer IT Administrator form this group, which is given the responsibility to jointly develop procedures, protocols, and practices needed for the effective administration of electronic communications information, modeling, and documents determined to be necessary for the project. Injunction: Legal proceeding to stop wrongful use of intellectual property or proprietary data.

Question 70

Integrated Project Delivery (IPD):

Answer 70

Also known as Integrated Practice, a project delivery method that leverages intellectual and physical resources using the best available tools to produce the highest quality product by placing project owner, contractor, and architect/engineer at risk for profit or loss on the project. It requires ongoing shared team knowledge that is well facilitated through extensive BIM use.

Question 71

Intellectual property (IP):

Answer 71

A commercially valuable, intangible asset, such as a copyright, trademark, or patent.

Question 72

Intelligent:

Answer 72

An element or object in the model that is data-rich, or able to furnish additional information about itself, such as its length, width, size, model number, or other physical attributes.

Question 73

International Alliance for Interoperability (IAI):

Answer 73

Consists of software companies, building product manufacturers, information publishers, owners, designers, and builders in AEC and other industries whose goal is to develop a universal standard for model data information sharing. See also buildingSMART.

Question 74

Interoperability:

Answer 74

The exchange of information among project participants throughout the lifecycle of a facility by direct communication between software applications. This is accomplished via a common set of exchange formats to read and write data similarly and to use the same protocols.

Question 75

Liability:

Answer 75

Legal obligation or responsibility to do or to refrain from doing something. Common law can impose general liability. Contract terms, agreed upon between parties, create and/or limit general liability.

Question 76

License:

Answer 76

The authorization of a copyright owner to another for use of intellectual property or proprietary data while continuing to retain ownership of the work and data.

Question 77

Model:

Answer 77

A 3D representation of a building, aspect, or project in digital virtual form. Model Facilitator: A manager created under the ECP Addendum to facilitate BIM use on a project. The BIM Addendum’s Information Manager (IM) also may be appointed to fulfill the Model Facilitator role.

Question 78

The National Building Information Model Standard (NBIMS):

Answer 78

Committee of the National Institute for Building Sciences (NIBS) Facility Information Council (FIC) that created IFCs. Since 1992 the FIC mission has been to “improve the performance of facilities over their full lifecycle by fostering common and open standards and an integrated lifecycle information model for the AEC and FM industry.”

Question 79

The National Institute of Building Sciences (NIBS):

Answer 79

Authorized by the U.S. Congress in the Housing and Community Development Act of 1974, Public Law 93-383. In establishing NIBS, Congress recognized the need for an organization that could serve as an interface between government and the private sector to improve the building regulatory environment, facilitate the introduction of new and existing products and technology into the building process, and disseminate nationally recognized technical and regulatory information.

Question 80

nD model:

Answer 80

Beyond 5D. The integration of other aspects or analyses of the 3D model, such as safety, energy, indoor air quality, lighting, etc. See also xD model.

Question 81

Negligence:

Answer 81

The failure to exercise the standard of care that a reasonably prudent person would have exercised in a similar situation; any conduct that falls below the legal standard established to protect others against unreasonable risk of harm, except for conduct that intentionally, wantonly, or willfully disregards others’ rights.

Question 82

Non-collaborative BIM:

Answer 82

A model created independently by a party for its own purposes. Sometimes referred to as “silo BIM” or “little BIM.”

Question 83

Non-exclusive license:

Answer 83

A license granted by a copyright owner for use to one party while keeping the ability to grant others the same right.

Question 84

Object:

Answer 84

A physical entity or event depicted in a model (whether 2D or 3D) that may or may not possess any related properties. An object can be a single designelement, or composed of many elements and components that would be more burdensome if treated as separate parts of the Project Model.

Question 85

Object enabler:

Answer 85

An application written by a software developer that allows its custom, or proprietary, objects or elements to be viewed in a different software application environment. Object enablers may be available at no charge from the website of a modeling software application developer.

Question 86

Object families:

Answer 86

Libraries of cut-and-paste templates for common design elements included in most BIM software. These libraries include common design features, such as walls, roofs, windows, doors and trim, stairs, railings, ramps, cabinets, landscaping, and light fixtures.

Question 87

Occurrence basis:

Answer 87

A policy of insurance that provides that if the insured harms persons or property and causes a loss that occurs during the policy coverage period, the insurance carrier issuing that policy will pay for that loss (up to the dollar amount of coverage limits), even if the claim is first made after the end of the policy period.

Question 88

Open interoperability standards:

Answer 88

Non-proprietary protocols and data structures that support the exchange or joint use of digital information by differing software tools.

Question 89

Ordinary care:

Answer 89

Care that a reasonably prudent party in the same trade and geographic area would exercise when confronted with similar facts and circumstances. See also duty of ordinary care.

Question 90

Owner Controlled Insurance Program (OCIP):

Answer 90

A type of specialty coverage intended to avoid gaps in coverage among the three main construction insurances. See also Contractor Controlled Insurance Program and Wrap Up Insurance.

Question 91

Parametric:

Answer 91

Software objects/elements that reflect or describe the real-world behaviors and attributes of construction materials, equipment, and assemblies depicted. Objects possess characteristics of construction materials, equipment, and assemblies and also depict the interrelationship and interaction among them. Consistent relationships are maintained among elements as the model is manipulated.

Question 92

Patent:

Answer 92

Property rights granted for original inventions to limit others from making, using, or selling the invention.

Question 93

Payment bond:

Answer 93

A bond wherein a surety ensures that the general contractor will pay its bills to subcontractors and suppliers.

Question 94

Performance bond:

Answer 94

A bond wherein a surety guarantees to the owner that it will provide financial assurance that the contractor will perform its contract obligations.

Question 95

Phase:

Answer 95

A portion of work that arises from sequencing work in accordance with predetermined stages.

Question 96

Policy limits:

Answer 96

The contracted maximum amount an insurer is obligated to pay on an insured’s behalf pursuant to the policy of insurance.

Question 97

Professional Liability Insurance:

Answer 97

Protects professional service providers from damages or losses due to acts of negligence, or non-intentional acts, errors, or omissions in performance of their professional activities on a project. See also Errors and Omissions (E&O) Insurance.

Question 98

Professional services:

Answer 98

Services provided by a licensed professional, such as an architect, engineer, or construction manager.

Question 99

Project Model:

Answer 99

Model consisting of the federation of a Full Design Model and one or more Construction Models designated in the BIM Execution Plan to be produced by the parties contributing to the Models.

Question 100

Project Participants:

Answer 100

All of the parties that have Governing Contracts and Affiliated Contracts, who will contribute to the Model and/or will use it to analyze, construct, or operate the buildings depicted in the completed Models.

Question 101

Quantity takeoff:

Answer 101

The ability to count, measure, and extract any or all of the identified elements contained in a 3D model.

Question 102

Scheduling:

Answer 102

A sequence of activities based upon the elements of a construction plan and reflecting the decisions made with all the project’s known objectives and constraints in mind. It is output generated from the construction plan or 3D model.

Question 103

Shop drawings:

Answer 103

Drawings prepared by licensed design professionals that illustrate means and methods of implementing work consistent with an architect’s designs.

Question 104

Soft clash:

Answer 104

Two or more model elements that violate space constraints imposed by code or design limitations without physical overlap. These typically include clearance around objects, tolerances needed for safe operation, and egress requirements.

Question 105

Spatial coordination:

Answer 105

For design coordination and constructability, to check work digitally before putting it in place in the field. (Synonyms: interference, collision, conflict, clash detection, variance, coordination.)

Question 106

Spearin Doctrine:

Answer 106

A legal concept based on a decision issued in 1918 by the United States Supreme Court in United States v. Spearin, 248 U.S. 132, 39 S. Ct. 59, 63 L. Ed. 166. It held that a contractor has a right to expect that plans and specifications the contractor uses for construction under a Design-Bid-Build project delivery method are adequate. Specifically, the court held that “if [a] contractor is bound to build according to plans and specifications prepared [for] the owner, the contractor will not be responsible for the consequences of defects in the plans and specifications.”

Question 107

Tail Coverage:

Answer 107

A rider to a CGL policy of insurance that extends the coverage period. Tail coverage usually covers claims made in multiple-year increments after completion of the project, or after expiration of the original policy.

Question 108

Trademark:

Answer 108

Intellectual property rights that protect words, names, symbols, sounds, or colors that distinguish goods and services from those manufactured or sold by others and indicate the source of goods. Project marketing symbols are commonly trademarked to distinguish a unique project from those offered by competing developers.

Question 109

Umbrella Policy:

Answer 109

A supplemental policy that increases the total amount available to pay for the same kinds of losses covered by another policy. See also Excess Policy.

Question 110

Value engineering:

Answer 110

A process undertaken during the design phase in which elements or components of the design are evaluated for ease of constructability, and to incorporate design features that provide comparable performance at better cost or schedule savings.

Question 111

Virtual Design and Construction (VDC):

Answer 111

The use of integrated multi-disciplinary performance models of design-construction projects, including the product (i.e., facilities), work processes and organization of the design-construction-operation team in order to support explicit and public business objectives. “VDC models are virtual because they show computer-based descriptions of the project.” (Kunz & Fischer 2007)

Question 112

Waiver:

Answer 112

A relinquishing, or giving up, of a right possessed by a party.

Question 113

Webmaster:

Answer 113

The person or party that provides day-to-day operation and maintenance of a project website.

Question 114

Work for hire:

Answer 114

A work created by an author, employed by another under a work relationship or a written agreement, who conveys the copyright ownership for the work to the employer either before or after completion of the work.

Question 115

Wrap Up Insurance:

Answer 115

A type of specialty coverage intended to avoid gaps in coverage among the three main construction insurances. See also OwnerControlled Insurance Program and Contractor-Controlled Insurance Program.

Question 116

xD model:

Answer 116

Beyond 5D. The integration of other aspects or analyses of the 3D model, such as safety, energy, indoor air quality, lighting, etc. See also nD model.