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AP Psychology > Unit 3 > Flashcards

Unit 3 Flashcards

(83 cards)

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1
Q

sensation

A

detect physical energy from environment and convert it into neural signals

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2
Q

perception

A

select, organize, interpret our sensations

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3
Q

bottom-up

A

no prior knowledge, just reaction

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4
Q

top-down

A

makes decision and judgment using prior knowedge

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5
Q

psychophysics

A

study of the relationship between psychological world and physical world.

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6
Q

Fechner

A

founder of psychophysics

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7
Q

Hubel and Wiesel

A

sewed kitten’s eye shut, that eye remained the weaker eye

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8
Q

✰Absolute Threshold

A

first moment you notice a stimulus

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9
Q

Difference threshold

A

moment you notice a change in stimulus you already recognized

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10
Q

Weber’s Law

A

when a change is noticed by a constant percentage or portion

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11
Q

Signal Detection theory

A

the ability to focus on one thing and ignore the background

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12
Q

Sensory Adaptation

A

diminished sensitivity due to constant stimulation

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13
Q

Transduction

A

transformation of stimulus energy into neural impulses

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14
Q

Phototransduction

A

conversion of light energy into neural impulses that the brain can understand

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15
Q

hue

A

color

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16
Q

wavelength

A

distance from peak of one wave to peak of another

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17
Q

intensity

A

brightness, taller the wave, the brighter the color

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18
Q

saturation

A

purity and clarity

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19
Q

accommodation

A

the lense will change shape to help focus objects onto the retina

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20
Q

nearsightedness

A

see close but not far

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21
Q

farsightedness

A

see far but not close

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22
Q

blind spot

A

point where optic nerve leaves the eye because there are no receptors there

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23
Q

fovea

A

central point of focus in the eye, in charge of color vision aka foveal vision

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24
Q

bipolar and ganglion cells

A

(order) photoreceptors, then bipolar cells then ganglion, then optic nerve

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25
optic chiasm
connects optic nerve to the occipital love
26
feature detectors
ability to recognize things we are familiar with
27
parallel processing
processing of several aspects of a thing all at once
28
trichromatic theory aka young helmholtz theory
we have 3 main cones: Red, Green, and Blue
29
Color blindness
mostly in men, usually red and green color blindness
30
opponent process theory
after image: red-green, blue-yellow, black-white
31
color constancy
brain's ability to know a color has not changed even if the background is different
32
gate control theory
spinal cord blocks pain from being recognized by the brain. Not permanent but will get a person through something
33
kinesthetic
movement of muscles, joints, tendons.
34
vestibular sense
balance
35
sensory interaction
when one sense affects another sense
36
olfactory bulb
(smell) signal does not go to thalamus, is only sense that goes straight to brain
37
Smell and memories
The brain region for smell is closely connected to the brain region for memory
38
Inattentional Blindness
Inability to see object or person that is right in front of you
39
Change blindness
Failure to notice a change in your environment
40
Perceptual illusion
Sometimes our mind is tricked by optical illusions
41
Visual capture
When vision competes with other senses and vision wins
42
Figure-ground
when we are looking at something, one thing will stand out, and the rest is background
43
proximity
physical nearness
44
similarity
when people or items look the same, we put them in one group
45
continuity
appearance that something continues, even when it does not
46
connectedness
when two people or things are often together, we seen them as one
47
Gestalt closure
seeing something as complete, even if it is missing a piece
48
depth perception
ability to see/recognize distance. babies get this before beginning to crawl
49
Gibson and Walk - Visual Cliff
crawling baby stops at fiberglass clear part
50
Phi phenomenon
when lights flash at a certain speed they present the illusions of motion
51
perceptual/shape/size constancy
our brain has the ability to understand what we see, even if items appear differently
52
sensory deprivation
often used in torture, deliberate elimnination of a sense
53
perceptual set
mental predisposition to perceive one thing and not another
54
✰Schema
concept - understanding of the world on a personal level
55
context effects
how the environment impacts our understanding of things around us
56
perception and human factors
IO psychologists help create user-friendly products
57
retinal disparity
finger sausage - images from the two eyes differ
58
convergence
touch neighbor's nose - when two eves move inward to see near objects, and out to see far objects
59
relative size
fingers apart - if two objects are similar in size, we see the smaller one as further
60
interposition
tree in front of house - object that occludes other objects tend to be perceived as closer
61
relative clarity
fog - hazy objects appear to be further away than clearer objects
62
texture gradient
2 globes - indistinct (fine) texture signals and increasing distance
63
relative height
we perceive objects that are higher in our FOV to be farther away than those that are lower
64
relative motion
passenger in car - as you are moving, items close to you appear to go by fast, and objects further away come slowly
65
linear perspective
railroad tracks - parallel lines appear to converge in the distance
66
light & shadow
nearby objects reflect more light into our eyes than distant objects
67
anvil
tiny bone that passes vibrations from hammer to stirrup
68
cochlea
spiral-shaped inner ear structure lined with cilia (tiny hairs) that move when vibrated and cause nerve impulse to form
69
eardrum
thin membrane that vibrates when sound waves reach it
70
Eustachian tube
tube that connects middle ear to back of the nose; equalizes pressure between middle ear and the air outside.
71
hammer
tiny bone that passes vibrations from eardrum to anvil
72
nerves
carry electro-chemical signals from inner ear (cochlea) to the brain
73
outer ear canal
tube where sound travels to the eardrum
74
pinna
visible part of the outer ear. collects sound and directs it into the outer ear canal
75
semicircular canals
three loops of fluid-filled tubes attached to cochlea in the inner ear. help with balance
76
stirrup
tiny U shaped bone that passes vibrations from stirrup to cochlea. smallest bone in the human body
77
cornea
clear dome-shaped tissue covering the front of the eye
78
iris
colored part of the eye - controls amount of light that enters the eye by changing the size of the pupil
79
optic nerve
nerve that transmits electrical impulses from retina to brain
80
pupil
opening in center of iris, changes size as amount of light changes. more light = smaller the hole
81
retina
sensory tissue lining the back of the eye. contains photoreceptors (rods and cones) that convert light rays into electrical impulses relayed to brain by optic nerve
82
vitreous
thick transparent liquids that fills the center of the eye and give it its form and shape
83
photoreceptor
rods (black and white vision) and cons (color vision)

AP Psychology (9 decks)

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