Unit 5 Cognition Flashcards
(97 cards)
1
Q
memory
A
any indication that learning has persisted over time
2
Q
flashbulb
A
a big event in you life that creates a strong memory
3
Q
stages of memory
A
encoding, storage, retrieval
4
Q
sensory memory
A
immediate recording of sense information
5
Q
encoding
A
putting something into memory
6
Q
automatic processing
A
no work
7
Q
effortful processing
A
put work into making a memory
8
Q
nodes
A
memory files
9
Q
Ebbinghaus
A
studied memory
10
Q
rehearsal
A
repeating
11
Q
maintenance
A
repeating only to remember for a short time
12
Q
elaborate
goes with procedural
A
making associations to covert those into LTM
13
Q
procedural
goes with elaborate
A
learned over time, may not remember how they learned
14
Q
spacing effect (distribute practice)
A
studying all of the material each time
15
Q
serial position effect
A
more likely to remember beginning and end of list, but not the middle
16
Q
primacy
A
remembering first thing on list or something said
17
Q
receny
A
remembering last thing on list or something said
18
Q
episodic
A
personal memory of your day
19
Q
mnemonics
A
memory aids
20
Q
Method of Loci
A
using location to help you remember
21
Q
eidetic memory
A
photographic memory
22
Q
✰ declarative memory
A
facts, stories, words, and conversations that can be resolved, aka explicit memory
23
Q
semantic memory (deep processing)
A
attracting meaning to the memory to keep it in long-term memory
24
Q
shallow processing
A
encoding in basic level based on structure or appearence
25
visual encoding
making a memory through sight
26
acoustic encoding
making a memory through sound
27
chunking
put information into manageable units
28
hierarchy
breaking information down into smaller categories
29
working memory
short term memory
30
Miller 7 +- 2
rule that we can hold 5-9 items in short term memory
31
LTP - Long Term Potential
the more we do an activity or study the information strengthens the memory more
32
stress
during a stressful event our memory is strong, but if stress persists, memory weakens
33
implicit and explicit
implicit memories are automatic, explicit memories take work
34
✰ Hippocampus
explicit memory, most important part of the brain for memory
35
Amygdala
emotional memories
36
Basal Ganglia
implicit memories
37
Cerebellum
balance and coordination, process implicit memories
38
anterograde
after a brain injury, you cannot make any new memories
39
retrograde
after a brain injury you can't remember your past
40
recognition
multiple choice, choosing from a list
41
recall
must know the answer without help
42
relearning
studying again to learn the material
43
retrieval cues
anything that helps you remember an event, person, or thing
44
priming
activating retrieval cues
45
deja vu
the feeling that you've experienced this before
46
mood congruent memory
recalling experience that are consistent with your mood
47
state dependent memory
recall information easier when you are in the same emotional state as when the info was encoded
48
context dependent memory
improved recall of specific episodes of info when context or circumstances were the same as when info encoded
49
forgetting
inability to retrieve info due to poor encoding, storage, or removal
50
encoding failure
not putting info into memory correctly
51
forgetting curve
Ebbinghaus - you cram for a test, but after one hour most of the info is gone
52
✰ proactive interference
old info prevents the recall of newer info
53
retroactive interference
new info prevents the recall of old info
54
retrieval failure
inability to get memory out of storage
55
TOT
when you definitely know something but you can't remember what it's called
56
repression
Froid - when your brain blocks a memory because it causes harm
57
misinformation effect (Elizabeth Loftus)
incorporating misleading info into one's memory of an event
58
source amnesia
attributing an event to the wrong source
59
Elizabeth Loftus
studies false or constructed memories
60
Algorithms
Techniques that are always correct, but may take a while
61
Heuristics
Quick thinking, but can be wrong
62
Representative hueristics
Judging the likelihood of things or objects in terms of how well they seem to represent or match a particular prototype
63
Availability heuristics
Make a decision based on the info you can access at the moment
64
Insight
“Aha!” moment
65
Confirmation bias
Tendency to search for info that confirms your belief
66
Fixation
Stuck on a problem
67
✰ Mental set
Tendency to approach a method in a certain way, especially if it has worked before
68
Functional fixedness
Tendency to think only of the familiar functions of objects, is a negative
69
definition theory
people form a concept of an object by making a mental list
70
divergent thinking
multiple ideas to solve a problem
71
convergent thinking
one main solution to a problem
72
inductive reasoning
moves from a specific instance to generalized conclusions
73
deductive reasoning
moves from generalized to specific
74
creativity
ability to create unique and valuable ideas
75
subgoals
creating separate parts to find a solution
76
overconfidence
tendency to overestimate accuracy of beliefs
77
exaggerated fear
overreaction after an event
78
framing
how an issue is presented to get the answer that you want
79
belief perseverance
tendency to cling to a belief in the face of evidence that proves otherwise
80
compensatory model
rational decision making with compromise
81
information retrieval
problem solving strategy that requires recovery from LTM and is not needed everyday
82
phonomes
spoken, writen, or gestured communication
83
morphemes
smallest unit of sound with meaning ("m" for meaning)
84
holophrase
one word sentence
85
grammar
system of rules for language
86
semantics
rules by which we derive meaning from language
87
overregulation
applying grammatical rules without making exceptions
88
syntax
rules for combining words in a grammatically correct way
89
language acculturation
the degree a person is socially and psychologically integrated into a new culture and how that impacts their understanding of the language
90
Skinner - Operant
children learn language through positive reinforcement
91
Chomsky - innate LAD
children are born with the ability to produce languages as long as they've been exposed to it
92
critical periods
0-7, when language and attachment begin
93
Whorf - Linguistic Determinism
language determines how we feel about society and ourselves
94
Images
women are better at imagining in pictures and colors
95
mirror neurons
imaging a physical activity activates the same brain regions as actually doing the activity
96
body language
gestures are a form of communication
97
sign language
an official language that children learn like any other language
