Unit 3

Question 1

Culture

Answer 1

Everything

Question 2

Culture Hearth

Answer 2

Area in which a unique culture or trait develops

Question 3

Globalization

Answer 3

Increased integration of the world economy

Question 4

Horizontal Diversity

Answer 4

Each traditional culture has its own language and customs
In a culture, people are very homogenous

Question 5

Vertical Diversity

Answer 5

Modern urban societies are different from each other
Global popular culture is very similar

Question 6

Cultural Landscape

Answer 6

The visible reflection of a culture
Also the built environment
Encompasses any human alteration to the landscape
Wide range of things

Question 7

Sacred Sites

Answer 7

Specific sites that have religious significance
Include places like Jerusalem and Mecca
Shinto believe certain rocks and trees have spirits in them

Question 8

Christianity (cl)

Answer 8

Many crosses

Question 9

Hinduism (cl)

Answer 9

Sights and sounds of processions

Question 10

Buddhism (cl)

Answer 10

Places to meditate

Question 11

Judaism (cl)

Answer 11

Synagogues

Question 12

Islam (cl)

Answer 12

Time for praying

Question 13

Shinto (cl)

Answer 13

Emphasis on preserving nature

Question 14

Centripetal Forces

Answer 14

Those that unify a group of people or a region
Common language or religion
Shared history and heritage
Just and fair legal system
People gravitate toward others who share their beliefs, customs, interest, and backgrounds

Question 15

Centrifugal Forces

Answer 15

Those that divide a group of people or a region can pull apart societies, nations, and states
Ethnic conflict, racism, injustice can sow division

Question 16

Fundamentalism

Answer 16

An attempt to follow a literal interpretation of a religion
Believe that people should follow tradition lifestyles and strict standards
Majority of fundamentalists are concentrated near the hearth

Question 17

Cultural relativism

Answer 17

The concept that a groups’ beliefs and practices should be understood from another culture’s perspective
Using this, we can understand why other cultures would eat fried insects as an American

Question 18

Ethnocentrism

Answer 18

Believing your culture is more important and superior to other cultures
See others by stereotypes
Can lead to misinterpretations and centrifugal forces which can even lead to violence and discrimination

Question 19

Cultural Aporpriation

Answer 19

The action of adopting traits, elements, or icons of another culture
Sometimes used out of context or disrespectfully
Some say it is respectful and admirable and other say it is oppressive and discriminatory

Question 20

Relocation Diffusion

Answer 20

The spread of culture and/or cultural traits by people who migrate and carry their cultural traits with them
At times, the areas where migrants settle continue a trait after it has lost influence in the hearth

Question 21

Expansion Diffusion

Answer 21

The spread of cultural traits outward through exchanges without migration

Question 22

Contagious Diffusion

Answer 22

Occurs when a cultural trait spreads continually outward from its hearth through contact among people

Question 23

Hierarchical Diffusion

Answer 23

The spread of culture outward from the most interconnected places or from centers of wealth and influence
Cultural traits spread first form one powerful person, city, or class to another

Question 24

Reverse Hierarchical Diffusion

Answer 24

A trait diffuses from a group of people with lower status to a group of higher status
Some go from small, rural communities to larger urban areas

Question 25

Stimulus Diffusion

Answer 25

When an underlying idea from a cultural hearth is adopted by another culture by they modify or reject one trait

Question 26

Imperialism

Answer 26

Broader term that includes a variety of ways of influencing another country or group of people by direct conquest, economic control, or cultural dominance

Question 27

Colonialism

Answer 27

Particular type of imperialism where people move and settle on another country European colonialism strongly influenced the diffusion of languages and religion Most relevant to the current political map

Question 28

Animism

Answer 28

The belief that nonliving objects possess spirits Was practiced by many native and indigenous people Europeans forced colonial subjects to become Christian

Question 29

English as a Lingua Franca

Answer 29

English has a wide spatial distribution Most English speakers use it as a lingua franca to make communication easier

Question 30

Pidgin Language

Answer 30

A language formed when two different languages have a lot of interaction through trade

Question 31

Creole Languages

Answer 31

Language formed by two or more mixing and developing more structure Most common is Haitian Creole

Question 32

Swahili in East Africa

Answer 32

Trade between Arab merchants and Bantu people resulted in Swahili

Question 33

Time-Space Convergence

Answer 33

The greater connection that results from improvements in transportation Makes places less culturally distinct Provides another way of thinking about geography as not just physical space but also of relative distance Because of this the earth feels smaller and more connected Demonstrates how a person's sense of time and space vary greatly with different factors

Question 34

Cultural Convergence

Answer 34

Cultures are becoming similar to each other and sharing more cultural traits Cultural homogenization results in cultural change Is also a threat to traditional cultures

Question 35

Cultural Divergence

Answer 35

Idea that a culture may change over time as the elements of time, distance, physical separation and modern technology create divisions and changes A culture's isolation can halt diffusion

Question 36

Romance Languages

Answer 36

Latin speakers were geographically isolated The language diverged into many distinct regional languages known as Romance languages Portuguese, Spanish, French, Italian, and Romanian

Question 37

Isoglosses

Answer 37

Boundaries between variations in pronunciations or word usage In Texas, near Dallas, "dry creek" gets replaced by "arroyo"

Question 38

Adages

Answer 38

Saying that attempt to express a truth about life Different dialects include distinct adages

Question 39

Sikhism

Answer 39

Founded in the Punjab region where Sikhs enjoy a lot of religious freedom Stresses serving others, honesty, hard work and generosity Place of worship is a gurdwara Most holy place is the Golden Temple

Question 40

Acculturation

Answer 40

An ethnic group moves to a new area and adopts some values and practices of that new culture, but they maintain elements of their native culture

Question 41

Assimilation

Answer 41

When an ethnic group can no longer be distinguished from the receiving group

Question 42

Syncretism

Answer 42

The fusion or blending of two distinctive cultural traits into a new unique hybrid trait Results in new practices, beliefs, and innovations in a society

Question 43

Glocalization

Answer 43

Form of syncretism that involves the creation of products or services for the global market

Question 44

Multiculturalism

Answer 44

The coexistence of several cultures in one society with the idea of all cultures being valued and worthy of study Interaction between cultures enriches the lives of all

Question 45

Nativism

Answer 45

Coexistence of cultures can also bring conflict People with different values, beliefs, and customs often clash Conflict can become harsh Anti-immigrant attitudes can form among the cultural majority and sometimes bring violence Can also reflect a general dislike of people from other countries Xenophobia