Unit 3 Flashcards
(179 cards)
1
Q
2 types of circulatory systems
A
open and closed
2
Q
limitation of an open circulatory system
A
size of the animal
3
Q
do open circulatory systems have blood?
A
no- have hemolymph
4
Q
arteries carry blood ____ from the heart
A
away
5
Q
veins carry blood ____ the heart
A
to
6
Q
con of a closed circulatory system
A
metabolically expensive and under pressure so susceptible to hemorrhage
7
Q
a two chambered heart (like in fish) have how many circuits?
A
one
- atria to ventricle
8
Q
a three chambered heart has how many circuits? what is a limitation?
A
2 (2atria and 1 ventricle)
- deoxy and oxy blood mix
9
Q
what kind of circulatory system do we as humans have
A
4 chambered (2 atria and 2 ventricles)
10
Q
the heart is enveloped by what structure
A
pericardial sac
11
Q
the ______ receives deoxygenated blood from the body
A
right atrium
12
Q
what structures dump blood into the right atrium
A
superior and inferior vena cava
13
Q
the _______ receives oxygenated blood from the lungs
A
left atrium
14
Q
what structure dumps blood into the left atrium
A
pulmonary veins
15
Q
the _____ ventricle receives blood from the right atrium
A
right
16
Q
the right ventricle pumps blood into what structure
A
pulmonary trunk
17
Q
the left ventricle pumps blood into the _______
A
aorta
18
Q
are ventricles or atria thicker
A
ventricles- need to pump blood out of the heart
(LV is strongest)
19
Q
the aortic semilunar valve prevents what
A
gravity from pulling blood back into the left ventricle
20
Q
tricuspid valve between _____ and _________
A
right atrium and right ventricle
21
Q
blood gets pumped into the lungs through the pulmonary trunk for
A
oxygenation
22
Q
the cardiac cycle is one complete heartbeat that includes
A
1 contraction and relax
23
Q
systole=
diastole=
A
contraction
relaxation
24
Q
in diastole, what happens
A
heart is relaxed and blood enters the atria
25
atrial systole is when
atria contract and move blood to ventricles
26
what causes the chambers of the heart to contract and valves to close?
action potentials resulting in pressure changes
27
junctions between cells in the heart muscle are called
intercalated discs
28
what prevents cells from separating during contraction
desmosomes
29
what allows ions to pass freely from cell to cell and electrically couples adjacent cells
gap junctions
30
what kind of heart is innervated but continues to beat even without NS
myogenic
31
the human heart depolarizes and contracts _______ nervous system stimulation
without
32
what kind of cells rhythmically spontaneously depolarize in the heart
noncontractile (autorhythmic)
33
The ____ sets the pace of the heart, why?
SA node
fastest rhythym
34
atria contract in unison because of
gap junctions
35
autorhythmic cells have __ channels that allow Na+ channels to open at what rate
leaky
slow
36
the depolarization stage in cardiac muscle contraction is due to influx of what, at what rate
Na+, fast (huge influx)
37
the plateau phase of cardiac muscle contraction occurs after depolarization when there is _____ influx of ________
slow influx of Ca2+ channels
38
the impulse of action potentials is delayed at ______ , because ________
AV node, ventricles need to contract at different time than atria
39
baroreceptors detect
change sin BP
40
what released from medulla increases SA node firing rate
norepinephrine and epinephrine
41
the sympathetic nervous system _____ rate of SA node
- what does this lead to
increases
- enhances force and speed of ventricular contraction
42
the vagus nerve _____ heart rate
- part of what center
decreases
- cardioinhibitory
43
what are the three important sources of resistance in blood
1. blood viscosity (more RBC)
2. total blood vessel length (more length=more resistance)
3. blood vessel diameter (larger diameter-less resistance)
44
pressure of circulating blood against the walls of blood vessels
blood pressure
45
what is the control center for extrinsic control of heart contractions
medulla
46
if blood pressure decreases, baroreceptors _______, which means ____ AP going from heart to medulla
stimulate less
less
47
the sympathetic NS is turned on by medulla to _____ BP
- the sympathetic nerves that innervate the ventricular walls do what
- the sympathetic nerves that innervate the blood vessels do what
- the sympathetic nerves in adrenal gland release _________ to increase heart rate
-increase
-stronger force contractions
-constrict vessels to increase BP
- epinephrine and NE
48
materials are exchanged in
- why
capillaries
- very thin walls
49
what creates the sounds we hear in the heart
valves closing
-1st lub: AV valve closing
-2nd dub: semilunar valve closing
50
A panda is drifting to sleep. One effect this has on the body is that there are increased signals sent along the vagus nerve. What will these signals directly lead to?
1. decreased SA node firing
2. decreased force of ventricular contraction
3. vasoconstriction
4. Release of epi and NE from adrenal gland
a. 1 and 2
b. only 1
c. 1, 2 and 4
only 1
51
adequate diet must satisfy 3 nutritional needs, which are
1. fuel for cellular work
2. organic materials for biosynthesis
3. essential nutrients such as vitamins that animal cannot make for itself
52
______ are indigestible carbohydrates
Fibers
53
what are carbohydrates that humans can digest
sugar and starch
54
______ is needed by all body cells for energy
glucose
55
glucose comes from
carbs
56
proteins are made up of
amino acids
57
animals need a balance of the __ amino acids
20
58
_____ amino acids can be made by the body
______ amino acids cannot be made by the body and most be gotten from diet
nonessential
essential
59
lipids are ___ oils, and waxes
fats
60
many lipids are made up of _______ and ________
fatty acids
glycerol
61
lipids are the most energy dense, T or F
T
62
are lipids water soluble or non-water soluble
non water soluble (hydrophobic)
63
minerals are important for what
examples:
enzyme functioning
Na, K, Zn, Ca
64
animals with one way digestion have an advantage in that
can eat at any time (do not need to wait to poop to eat more)
65
which nervous system turns on the digestive system
parasympathetic (enteric)
66
two types of movement in the gut:
1.
2.
peristalsis
segmentation
67
which gut movement refers to mechanically mixing food and digesting it
segmentation
68
which gut movement refers to moving food through the GI tract
peristalsis
69
can an animal absorb molecules for which they do not have the enzyme to digest
no
70
the gut microbiome is an example of a __________ relationship, that does what
endosymbiotic
helps break down and synthesize molecules we cannot
71
order of the GI tract
headgut
foregut
midgut
hindgut
72
the hindgut is the _____ intestine
large
73
the headgut includes the _____ to ______
mouth to pharynx
74
what is the tongues function in digestion
helps bring food under the teeth to chew
(somatic-skeletal muscle)
75
what enzyme breaks down carbs in the mouth
salivary amylase
76
we have a monogastric stomach, meaning
simple (one way in and goes out the other)
77
peristalsis is stimulated by
parasympathetic NS (enteric)
78
what do the sphincters in the stomach do
trap door that is mechanically receptored to prevent stomach acid from going into esophagus or small intestine
79
what do rugae do in stomach
increase SA to expand the stomach for more food consumption and make more gastric juice
80
what is gastric juice made of
pepsin + HCl + mucus
81
pepsin is proteolytic, meaning
breaks down proteins
82
HCl's role in digestion is
turn inactive pepsinogen to active pepsin
83
what stimulates gastric juice release
when stretching of the stomach when food goes in occurs, gastrin is released (stimulates more gastric juice release)
84
gastrin is a
hormone
(positive feedback)
85
what kind of cells in gastric pit release HCl
parietal cells
86
what kind of cell in gastric pit release pepsinogen
chief cells
87
gastrin stimulates what 2 kinds of cells in the gastric pits
chief and parietal
88
Delta cells in gastric pit is released when
-bc
no digestion occurs
- bc it inhibits acid secretion (HCl)
89
why can we not digest cellulose
plants have a cell wall (made of cellulose) and we do not have the enzyme to digest it (cellulase)
90
cows are _________, meaning they have a 4 chambered stomach to help digest cellulose
ruminants
91
why do cows constantly chew
regurgitate and chew on cud to further break down fibers to help microbial life digest the cellulose
92
where is bile produced? stored?
produced in liver
stored in gallbladder
93
what is the function of bile
emulsify fat into small droplets to not come and make a big ball
- decrease attraction to each other
94
what stimulates the pancreas to release bicarbonate to neutralize stomach acid in small intestine
secretin
95
secretin is released to do what
stimulates the pancreas to release bicarbonate to neutralize stomach acid in small intestine
96
bicarbonate symbol
HCO3-
97
fat digestion ends with what
the fat is to large to go into blood stream, so first goes into the lymphatic capillary 1st
98
During absorption in digestion
a. glucose is absorbed through
b. amino acids are absorbed through
c. lipase (fats) are absorbed through
a and b= blood capillary
c= lymphatic capillary
99
how exactly is the mechanism where glucose is absorbed through the intestines
Na/K pump keeps Na low in the cell so that Na/glucose transporter can move glucose up its concentration gradient w GLUT-2 transport protein
100
digestion of fat in the bile is from the enzyme called
- which then form
lipase
micelles
101
major function of the colon (large intestine)
recover water that has entered the canal ( becomes more solid through this tract)
102
control center for hunger is located where
hypothalumus
103
what is the only appetite stimulant
ghrelin
104
what is an appetite suppressant
leptin
105
Having more fat in the body means having
- higher or lower Leptin
higher
106
Having more fat in the body means having
- higher or lower ghrelin
lower
107
leptin is secreted by ____ cells
adipose (fat)
108
is it more important to gain or loose weight
gain
109
osmoconformer
maintain an internal environment which is isotonic to their external environment
110
osmoregulators
maintain osmolarity differently in internal vs. external environment
111
water goes from an area of
high to low water
(low to high osmolarity)
112
how do osmoregulators make sure their fluids stay within a narrow range
kidney
113
transport urine from kidneys to urinary bladder
ureters
114
transports urine out of the body
urethra
115
where are nephrons located in the kidney
renal cortex
116
urine composition changes based on what
the blood needs to get rid of
117
what does dilute urine mean
the body is hydrated and doesn't need to retain the water
118
water in urine consists of 2 parts which are
1. obligatory amount of water to leave body with solutes
2. additional depending on hydration levels
119
this waste in urine is from amino acid breakdown
urea
120
kidenys function with a ____ mechanism
a. countercurrent
b. isocurrent
a. countercurrent
121
the loop of Henle has two parts which are
descending limb and ascending limb
122
what structure of the kidney is blood actually filtered in
nephron
123
3 main events in urine formation
- which one is always first
1. glomerular filtration (always first)
2. tubular reabsorption
3. tubular secretion
124
blood cells do not go through the walls of glomerular capsule because
it is fenestrated: tiny holes (pores)
- allows stuff to be exchanged but not big enough for blood to go through
125
glomerular filtration is a _______ process
a. active
b. passive
b. passive
126
what CAN pass through capillary walls during glomerular filtration
glucose, ions, and amino acids
127
what CANNOT pass through capillary walls during glomerular filtration
proteins (WBC, RBC)
128
after the glomerular filtration in the bowman's capsule, where does filtrate go next
proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)
129
all nephrons have a ___ blood supply
rich
130
in the PCT, the aquaporins are _______ open
always
131
two routes of tubular reabsorption, they are
paracellular
transcellular
132
what is transcellular tubular reabsorption
item passes across the cell
133
what is paracellular tubular reabsorption
solutes can pass between the adjacent cells because of leakiness
134
Na+ uptake in the PCT is driven by what
gradient established by the Na+/K+ pump
135
glucose uptake in the PCT is driven by
secondary active transport
(Na/Glucose symporter)
136
if there is too much glucose filtered, what happens
to a certain point there are not enough proteins for uptake, so you excrete it
137
after the PCT, where does filtrate go next
loop of Henle
138
what does the loop of Henle provide the capacity for
- why is it important
to make hyperosmotic urine (concentrated)
- to conserve water in bodies if live on land
139
the descending limb of the loop of henle is permeable to
only water
140
the ascending limb of the loop of henle is permeable to
ions
141
the _______ limbs ions draw water out of the ________ limb
ascending, descending
142
the ascending limb is able to influence the descending limbs contents because
they share an interstitial fluid
143
in the loop of Henle, where does the filtrate concentration reach its highest
at the bend of the loop (bottom)
144
filtrate is at its mots dilute in the loop of Henle when
it leaves the nephron loop
145
when Na+ is moved out of loop of Henle in ascending loop, is it active or passive transport
active
146
which vein (blood supply) runs alongside the loop of Henle?
- in what direction
vasa recta
- countercurrent (opposite)
147
the _________ reclaims the water that leaves the loop of Henle
vasa recta blood
148
a longer loop of Henle means ____ concentration gradient
greater
- can make more concentrated urine
149
what is the function of aldosterone
increases the Na+ absorbed back to the blood, which means more water follows (back into the body from filtrate)
150
what senses the Na content of the filtrate
chemoreceptors in macula densa
151
what senses the BP in afferent ateriole
granular cells
152
what is the main mechanism for raising BP
RAAS
- renin, angiotensin-aldosterone mechanism
153
how is the RAAS pathway for raising BP activated
macula densa cells chemoreceptors sense when filtrate Na+ is too low (meaning not a lot of water--> meaning low volume-->low pressure)
154
____ is an enzyme released by the kidney to facilitate the conversion of angiotensinogen into angiotensin I
Renin
155
What factors stimulate renin secretion
1. decreased BP
2. decreased Na+ delivery to macula densa
3. increased sympathetic NS signals
156
angiotensin I is converted into angiotensin II by
ACE
157
when angiotensin II is made by ACE, what are some effects it creates
1. stimulates released of ADH from posterior pituitary
2. hypothalumus signals more thirst
3. adrenal cortex is signaled to secrete more aldosterone
158
renin is released by the ________ cells in the kidney
granular
159
ADH is released by the ________
posterior pituitary gland
160
ADH is released when an _____ in blood osmolarity or a _________ in blood volume is detected
increase
decrease
161
what effect does ADH have
causes principal cells of collecting ducts to insert aquaporins into apical membrane
162
ADH causes ____ cells to insert more ____ into collecting duct
- what is the result
principal
aquaporins
- more water reabsorption into the body
163
as ADH levels __________, water reabsorption increases
increase
164
frequent urination and excessive thirst are symptoms of
lack of ADH or no response to ADH
165
why does ADH make your urine more concentrated
ADH allows body to reabsorb more water, so urine comes out with less water
166
ADH activity is ____ of Na+
independent
167
what is the main job of the loop of Henle
establish a medullary gradient that influences water reabsorption
168
what is the main function of the juxtaglomerular complex
maintain BP
169
how is BP increased
increase Na reabsorption, increased water reabsorption
170
dehydration leads to ____ ADH secretion
increased
171
Which cells in the ascending limb have chemoreceptors that sense Na content in the filtrate
Mácula densa
172
The mácula densa is located where
Ascending limb
(Detects Na levels)
173
Granular cells are sensitive to what
Stretch by BP in aferentes arteriole
174
What increases active transport of Na out of cell to filtrate when blood volume is low
Aldosterone
175
Three pathways to renin release by granular cells
1. Direct stimulation of granular cells by sympathetic NS
2. Activated mácula densa cells when filtrate Na is low (chemoreceptors)
3. Reduced stretch of granular cells (so need to increase BP to increase stretch)
176
What is the main mechanism to increasing BP
Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone mechanism
177
What makes angiotensinohen into angiotensin 1
Renin
178
What makes angiotensin 1 into angiotensin 2
ACE
179
Which is the correct order
a. Angiotensin 2–angiotensinogen—angiotensin 1
b. Angiotensinogen—angiotensin 1– angiotensin 2
B
