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Ap psychology key terms > Unit 3 > Flashcards

Unit 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Sensation

A

The senses collect some kind of information from the environment and convert it to a signal that can travel to the brain

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2
Q

Transduction

A

The transformation of stimulus energy to electrochemical energy of neural impulses (except smell)

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3
Q

Perception

A

Process by which we select, organize, and interpret sensory information in order to recognize meaningful objects and events

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4
Q

Synesthesia

A

To “perceive together”, is a condition in which two senses are sensed at the same time,

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5
Q

Bottom up processing

A

build up from the smallest pieces of sensory information

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6
Q

Top down processing

A

brain applies what it knows and expects to perceive sensory information

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7
Q

Absolute Threshold

A

the point where you notice that a stimulus is present. The minimum stimulation required for a particular stimulus to be detected 50% of the time

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8
Q

Signal detection theory

A

States that minimum threshold varies with fatigue, attention, expectations, motivation, emotional distress, and from one person to another

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9
Q

Subliminal sensation

A

When stimuli are below one’s absolute threshold for conscious awareness

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10
Q

Difference threshold

A

the point where you can detect the difference between stimuli

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11
Q

Weber’s law

A

The principle that, to be perceived as different, two stimuli must differ by a constant minimum percentage (rather than a constant amount)

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12
Q

Sensory adaptation

A

Reduction in sensitivity to a stimulus after constant exposure to it

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13
Q

Selective attention

A

We center our attention on certain important elements of our environment while other things blend into the background

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14
Q

Divided attention

A

Occurs when mental focus is on multiple tasks or ideas at once

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15
Q

Cocktail party effect

A

Ability to focus on a particular sound while partial filtering out other sounds

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16
Q

Intentional blindness

A

When our focus is directed at one stimulus (relevant to us), leaving us blind to other stimuli

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17
Q

Change blindness

A

The tendency people have to miss changes in their immediate visual environment

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18
Q

Cornea

A

A transparent, dome-like structure, on the front part of the eye, gives the eye focusing or refracting power

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19
Q

Pupil

A

The adjustable opening in the center of the eye through which light enters, controls the amount of light that enters into the eye

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20
Q

Iris

A

A ring of muscle tissue that forms the colored portion of the eye around the pupil and controls the size of the pupil opening (colored part of eye)

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21
Q

Crystalline lens

A

The transparent structure behind the pupil that changes shape to help focus images on the retina, focus the eye on near or far objects

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22
Q

vitreous humor

A

La parte Blanquita del ojo :)

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23
Q

Retina

A

light-sensitive surface in the back of the eye containing rods and cones

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24
Q

Photoreceptors

A

(rods and cones) Convert light energy to electrochemical neural impulses that are conducted to our brain

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25
Q

Cones

A

Light-detecting cells that are concentrated in the center of the retina and that function in daylight or in well-lit conditions, directly involved in our ability to perceive color
(concentrated on the fovea)

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26
Q

Rods

A

Specialized photoreceptors that work well in low light conditions, involved in our vision in dimly lit environments as well as in our perception of movement on the periphery of our visual field

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27
Q

Macula

A

The most sensitive part of the Retina. Responsible for your central vision. Let’s you see what is directly in front of you

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28
Q

Fovea

A

small indent within the Macula that has a major concentration of cones.
It lets you produce the highest definition images possible of things in front of you.

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29
Q

Optic nerve

A

The nerve that carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain (send it to the opposite side of the brain)

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30
Q

Blind spot

A

area in eye with no receptor cells

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31
Q

Feature detectors

A

specialized nerve cells in the visual cortex that respond to particular elements like shape, movement, edges, and angles

32
Q

Parallel processing

A

simultaneously analyzing different elements of sensory information

33
Q

Young-Helmholtz Trichromatic (three-color) Theory

A

here are three receptors in the retina responsible for the perception of color (green, blue, red)

34
Q

Color deficient vision

A

They simply lack functioning red-or green-sensitive cones or sometimes both, missing cones that response to a specific color

35
Q

Opponent process theory

A

the retina has receptors for three opposing pairs of colors: white-black, red-green, and yellow-blue

36
Q

After image

A

images that remain visible after viewing an object. A negative afterimage reverse the colors in the original image

37
Q

Audition

A

The biological process by which our ears process sound waves

38
Q

Sound waves

A

Vibrations of molecules that travel through the air

39
Q

Amplitude

A

Height of the sound wave (greater compression), the psychological quality of loudness

40
Q

Frequency

A

The number of wavelength cycles in a unit of time, measured using hertz, determines the highness or lowness of the sound (Pitch)

41
Q

Pitch

A

The highness or lowness of a sound.
-The shorter the wavelength, the higher the frequency, the higher the pitch.
-The longer the wavelength, the lower the frequency, the lower the pitch

42
Q

Sound localization

A

the process by which you determine the location of a sound

43
Q

Pinna

A

outer ear, specially the vissible part of the ear

44
Q

Tympanic membrane

A

part of the outer ear. The eardrum and auditory cannal, Sound waves make the eardrum vibrate.

45
Q

Middle ear

A

-includes three tiny bones: the hammer(or malleus), anvil(or incus), and stirrup( or stapes)
- Sound waves travel to vibrate the bones (auditory ossicles) of the ear.
These bones concentrate the vibrations of the eardrum on the cochlea’s oval window.

46
Q

Inner ear

A

The innermost part of the ear.
includes the cochlea, semicircular canals, and vestibular sacs

47
Q

cochlea

A

snail shaped fluid filled tube in the inner war with hair cells on the basilar membrane that transduce mechanical energy of vibrating molecules to the electrochemical energy of neural impulses

48
Q

Auditory nerve

A

send auditory signals from the ear to the brain

49
Q

Frequency theory

A

We hear pitch based on HOW FAST the hair cells vibrate

50
Q

Conduction hearing loss

A

Hearing loss caused by structural damage (eardrum is punctured) to the mechanical system that conducts sound waves to the cochlea

51
Q

Sensorineural Hearing Loss/ Nerve Deafness:

A

Occurs when the inner ear, cochlea or auditory nerve itself is not functioning properly

52
Q

Place theory

A

the position on the basilar membrane at which waves reach their peak depends on the frequency of a tone. Accounts well for higher-pitched sounds

53
Q

Gate control theory

A

pain is experienced only if the pain messages can pass through a gate in the spinal cord on their route to the brain

54
Q

Kinesthesis

A

body sense that provides information about the position and movement of individual parts of your body with receptors in muscles, tendons, and joints

55
Q

Vestibular sense

A

body sense of equilibrium with hairlike receptors in semicircular canals and vestibular sac in the inner ear

56
Q

Gustation

A

The chemical sense of taste with receptor cells in the taste buds

57
Q

Somesthetic senses

A

The senses of the skin, allow us to feel light touch, pressure, pain, cold, and warmth

58
Q

Olfaction

A

the chemical sense of smell with receptors in a mucous membrane to the roof of the nasal cavity

59
Q

Olfactory bulb

A

the smell center of the brian, which receives and processes chemical information from the olfactory nerve

60
Q

Gestalt psychology

A

a subfield of psychology that suggests that the brain forms a perceptual whole that is greater than the sum of its parts(integrate pieces of information into meaningful wholes )

61
Q

Figure-ground pattern

A

Tendency of the visual system to simplify a scene into the main object that we are looking at (the figure) and everything else that forms the background (or ground)

62
Q

Grouping

A

Brains have a tendency to organize stimuli into groups in order to process the complexity of the world.
- it could be by law of similarity( similar in shape, size, color), closure(people will fill in blanks to perceive a complete object), area(items within a boundary are perceived as a group), symmetry, proximity, continuity

63
Q

binocular cues

A

are those that require the use of both eyes (integrated by the brain) in order for us to perceive depth or distance

64
Q

Retinal disparity

A

The difference between the visual images that each eye perceives because of the different angles in which each eye views the world

65
Q

convergence

A

Our eyes move together to focus on an object that is close and that they would move farther apart for a distant object

66
Q

Monocular cues

A

(with just one eyecan be used for depth perception that involves using only one eye. How we form 3D from 2D(more difficult to judge depth)

67
Q

linear perspective

A

Depth cue that makes parallel lines appear to converge at a vanishing point on the horizon

68
Q

Interposition

A

when one object overlaps another, the object that is partially obscured is perceived as being farther away

69
Q

Relative size

A

If two objects are roughly the same size, the father away object will appear smaller even though the objects are still the same size

70
Q

Relative high

A

We perceive objects higher in our visual field as being further away and those that are close should appear lower

71
Q

Relative clarity

A

We perceive hazy objects as farther away than sharp, clear objects

The farther something is from us, the less detail it conveys

72
Q

light and shadow

A

Objects that are darkened and obscured may appear further off in the distance than those that are brightly lit

73
Q

Relative motion

A

As you’re moving, objects that are closer seem to zoom by faster than do objects in the distance

74
Q

Perceptual set

A

Predisposition to perceive things in a certain way

75
Q

perceptual constancy

A

The tendency to perceive an object you are familiar with as having a constant shape, size, and brightness despite the stimuli changes that occur

76
Q

Color constancy

A

The tendency of objects to appear the same color even under changing illumination

77
Q

Shape constancy

A

we perceive objects as having a constant size, even while our distance from them varies or despite differences in viewing angle

Ap psychology key terms (8 decks)

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