Unit 4

Question 1

Albert Bandura

Answer 1

Conducted the Bobo doll experiment, which demonstrated that aggression is learned by observing and modeling others

Question 2

Ivan Pavlov

Answer 2

Conditioned dogs to salivate at the sound of a bell after repeated pairings with food, thereby discovering classical conditioning

Question 3

B.F Skinner

Answer 3

the behaviorist most responsible for developing operant conditioning theory

Question 4

Edward Thorndike

Answer 4

behaviorist known for the law of effect, which served as the foundation for Skinner’s operant conditioning theory

Question 5

Learning

Answer 5

Any relatively permanent change in behavior brought about by experience or practice

Question 6

Behaviorists

Answer 6

Believed psychology should be the scientific study of observable behavior & all learning occurs through interactions with the environment

Question 7

Classical conditioning

Answer 7

the process of repeatedly pairing an original (unconditioned) stimulus which naturally produces a reflexive (unconditioned) response, with a new (neutral) stimulus such that the new stimulus produces the same response

Question 8

Neutral stimulus

Answer 8

Produces no effect until paired with an unconditioned stimulus

Question 9

Unconditioned stimulus

Answer 9

A stimulus (UCS) is one that unconditionally, naturally, and automatically triggers an unconditioned response or reflex

Question 10

Unconditioned response

Answer 10

An unlearned response that occurs naturally in reaction to the unconditioned stimulus

Question 11

Conditioned stimulus

Answer 11

: The conditioned stimulus is a previously neutral stimulus that, after becoming associated with the unconditioned stimulus, eventually comes to trigger a conditioned response

Question 12

Conditioned response

Answer 12

The conditioned response is the learned response to the previously neutral stimulus

Question 13

Acquisition

Answer 13

initial stage of learning when a response is first established and gradually strengthened

Question 13

Higher-Order Conditioning

Answer 13

A procedure in which the conditioned stimulus in one conditioning experience is paired with a new neutral stimulus, creating a second (often weaker) conditioned stimulus

Question 13

Extincion

Answer 13

The occurrences of a conditioned response decreases or disappears, this happens when a conditioned stimulus is no longer paired with an unconditioned stimulus

Question 14

Spontaneous recovery

Answer 14

Refers to the return of a previously extinguished conditioned response following a rest period

Question 15

Stimulus generalization

Answer 15

The tendency for the conditioned stimulus to evoke similar responses after the response has been conditioned

Question 16

Stimulus discrimination

Answer 16

The ability to differentiate between a conditioned stimulus and other stimuli that have not been paired with an unconditioned stimulus

Question 17

Taste aversion

Answer 17

The avoidance of a certain food following a period of illness after consuming that food

Question 18

Edward thorndike’s law of effect

Answer 18

According to this principle, actions that are followed by desirable outcomes are more likely to be repeated while those followed by undesirable outcomes are less likely to be repeated

Question 19

Operant conditioning

Answer 19

Method of learning that occurs through rewards and punishments for behavior

Question 20

Shaping

Answer 20

Procedure in which reinforcers gradually guide an animal’s actions toward a desired complex behavior

Question 21

Reinforcement

Answer 21

any event that strengthens or increases the behavior it follows

Question 22

positive reinforcement

Answer 22

Favorable events or outcomes that are presented after the behavior, response or behavior is strengthened by the addition of something

Question 23

negative reinforcement

Answer 23

The removal of an unfavorable events or outcomes after the display of a behavior, response is strengthened by the removal of something considered unpleasant

Question 24

Positive punishment

Answer 24

Presents an unfavorable event or outcome in order to weaken the response it follows

Question 25

negative punishment

Answer 25

Occurs when a favorable event or outcome is removed after a behavior occurs

Question 26

Schedules of reinforcement

Answer 26

pattern that defines how often a desired response will be reinforced

Question 27

Continuous reinforcement

Answer 27

Desired behavior is reinforced each and every time it occurs

Question 28

Partial reinforcement

Answer 28

The response is reinforced only part of the time

Question 29

fixed ratio

Answer 29

Response is reinforced only after a specific number of responses
ex: Getting a snack after reading every 30 pages

Question 30

Variable ratio schedules

Answer 30

Response is reinforced after an unpredictable number of responses
ex: slot machines

Question 31

Fixed interval schedules

Answer 31

The first response is rewarded only after a specified amount of time has elapsed
Ex:A student receives grades at the end of every semester.

Question 32

Variable interval schedules

Answer 32

: Occur when a response is rewarded after an unpredictable amount of time has passed
Ex:Your teacher gives pop quizzes

Question 33

Observational learning

Answer 33

The process of learning through watching others, retaining the information, and then later replicating the behaviors that were observed.

Question 34

Mirror neurons

Answer 34

nervous system cells that fire both when an organism itself is doing a behavior and also when observing another organism doing the behavior

Question 35

Albert Bandura Bobo doll experiment

Answer 35

demonstrated that young children would imitate the violent and aggressive actions of an adult mode

Question 36

Token reinforcer

Answer 36

any secondary reinforcer that is tangible, such as money or gold stars given by a teacher

Question 37

Latent learning

Answer 37

One can learn something but not show the behavior right away

Organisms form a cognitive map, a mental representation that allows an organism to acquire, store, and recall information in a real or spatial environment

Question 38

Insight learning

Answer 38

A sudden realization of the problem’s solution that “just came to you” “Light Bulb”

Question 39

The premack principle

Answer 39

A person will perform a less desirable activity in order to perform the more desirable activity as a consequence

Question 40

Self efficacy

Answer 40

the extent to which a person believes him-or herself capable of success in a particular situation

Question 41

Learned helplesness

Answer 41

organism becomes helpless after learning they have no ability to change the outcome (Seligman and dog experiment)