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Unit 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

The proton motive force (PMF) is driven by __________.

A

The difference in charge across the plasma membrane with protons outside the membrane

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2
Q

Glycolysis starts with one molecule of glucose (6C) and produces a net total of __________.

A

Two pyruvates; 2 NADH; 2 ATP

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3
Q

Catabolism

A

Breaking down larger molecules into smaller ones, releasing energy.

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4
Q

Anabolism

A

Building larger molecules from smaller ones, which typically requires energy

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5
Q

Is catabolism an exergonic or endergonic reaction? What about anabolism

A

Catabolism = exergonic
Anabolism = endergonic

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6
Q

Free energy

A

Available energy

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7
Q

Reducing power

A

Electrons that can be donated

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8
Q

Redox reaction

A

Electrons transferred between two molecules - NO3 (oxidized) to NO2 (reduced)

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9
Q

If an electron is added the reaction is ….

A

reduced

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10
Q

If an electron is removed the reaction is ….

A

oxidized

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11
Q

Phototrophs

A

Obtained energy from light

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12
Q

Chemotrophs

A

Obtained energy from chemical reactions

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13
Q

Heterotrophs

A

Organisms that obtain their energy and carbon by consuming organic compounds typically from other organisms

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14
Q

Autotrophs

A

Organisms that can produce their own food using inorganic substances as a source of energy and carbon.

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15
Q

Exergonic

A

Realses free energy (-)

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16
Q

Endergonic

A

Requires free energy (+)

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17
Q

Chemoorganotroph

A

Energy obtained from organic molecules (carbon)

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18
Q

Chemolithotroph

A

Energy obtained from inorganic molecules (minerals)

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19
Q

Substrate-Level Phosphorylation

A

Direct transfer of a phosphate group from a phosphorylated compound (substrate) to ADP, forming ATP. “Direct transfer”

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20
Q

Oxidative Phosphorylation

A

Process of producing ATP using the energy released by the oxidation of nutrients, which creates a proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane. “Oxygen-dependent”

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21
Q

Photophosphorylation

A

Process of ATP production in plants and some bacteria using sunlight to drive the formation of ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate. “Light-driven”

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22
Q

Glycolysis

A

Glucose oxidated to pyruvate - 2 ATP, 2 NADH, 2 pyruvate

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23
Q

Citric acid cycle

A

Pyruvate is oxidized to CO2 - 1 ATP, 4 NADH, 1 FADH2, 3 CO2 - plays a major role in biosynthesis and oxidation of organic compounds

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24
Q

What does fermentation form? When does it take place?

A

Forms organic acid and takes place in the absence of oxygen

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25
What are the 3 phases of catabolism
1. Polymers are hydrolyzed 2. Monomers are broken down into simpler forms 3. Molecules are fed into the citric acid cycle and oxidized to CO2
26
Respiration by chemoorganotrophs and chemolithotrophs are united by their dependence on...
Oxidative phosphorylation for energy conservation.
27
Reverse electron transport
Requires energy and is driven by dissipation of the proton motive force - chemolithotrophs use this
28
Oxidation of sulfur compounds produces .... which ....
Protons - acidifies the environment
29
What is typically the final product of sulfur oxidation
Sulfate
30
Nitrification
Microbial oxidation of ammonia to nitrate
31
Extreme halophile
These organisms not only are halophilic but require a very high level of salt, in some cases at levels near saturation
32
How to some haloarchaea produce ATP
With light using different pigments like red and orange carotenoids.
33
Halorhodopsin
This protein pumps chloride ions into the cell using light energy
34
Sensory Rhodopsins
These proteins help the cells move towards light, optimizing ATP production.
35
Proteorhodopsins
Proteins that help marine bacteria use light to supplement their energy needs, especially when organic matter is scarce in the ocean.
36
Photoautotrophs
Use light energy and fix inorganic carbon
37
Photoheterotrophs
Use light but rely on organic carbon sources
38
Oxygenic Photosynthesis
Uses water as the electron donor and produces oxygen as a byproduct. Common in cyanobacteria, algae, and plants.
39
Anoxygenic Photosynthesis
Uses other electron donors, like hydrogen sulfide, and does not produce oxygen. Found in bacteria such as purple sulfur bacteria.
40
Chlorosomes
Unique to some anoxygenic phototrophs, allowing photosynthesis at very low light intensities, useful in low-light environments like deep waters
41
Carotenoids
Accessory pigments that absorb blue-green through yellow wavelengths (470-630 nm)
42
Phycobiliproteins
Class of pigments found in cyanobacteria and red algae, where they serve as the main light-harvesting complexes
43
Which is one major difference between anaerobic and aerobic respiration?
The electron acceptor
44
Retinal, in prokaryotes, is part of
Light driven ATP synthesis
45
Metabolism
The sum total of all chemical reactions occurring in the cell
46
Gibbs free energy change, ∆G
The tendency of a reaction to take place can be predicted by ∆G
47
What commonly functions as an electron carrier
NAD+
48
Activation Energy
The amount of energy required to break chemical bonds of the reactants
49
Do enzymes lower or higher the activation energy of reactions
Lower - do not affect free energy
50
Does Anoxygenic Photosynthesis produce oxygen
No - Use a variety of electron donors such as H2 , H2S, and Fe2+
51
What the primary reaction center in purple bacteria
P870, which contain bacteriochlorophyll molecules that absorb light energy, and are highly reactive and capable of donating electrons.
52
Oxygenic photosynthesis
Organisms use two photosystems (PSI and PSII) to generate energy and produce oxygen by splitting water (H₂O) as an electron source.
53
Oxidoreductases
Proteins or protein complexes that oxidize one substrate (accept electrons) and reduce another (donate electrons) - may pump protons from the cytoplasm to outside of the cell, helping to form a proton gradient across the cytoplasmic membrane.
54
Flavoproteins
Proteins with flavins (FMN and FAD) as prosthetic groups
55
Cytochromes
Membrane proteins that function as electron carriers - association with heme
56
Iron sulfur proteins
Proteins with non-heme iron-sulfur centers
57
Quinones
Organic compounds that function as mobile electron carriers
58
What does an electron transport system typically contain?
1. A initial substrate oxidoreductase 2. A mobile electron carrier- generally, a quinone or cytochrome 3. A terminal oxidoreductase
59
Reductase
If something other than O2 is the terminal electron acceptor
60
Oxidase
Enzyme that functions at the end of an electron transport system to donate electrons to oxygen as a terminal electron acceptor
61
How is PMF generated?
Generated by the movement of protons out of the cell as electrons travel down a membrane-bound series of electron carriers collectively called an electron transport chain
62
PMF
Electrochemical gradient across the cell membrane that is used to drive cellular processes like the formation of ATP through an ATP synthase
63
Bacteriorhodopsin
membrane-bound protein that uses light to power the export of protons from the cytoplasm to outside of the cell which has a retinal molecule embedded which functions as a photoreceptor (absorbs light energy) and gives bacteriorhodopsin a purplish color
64
Photoheterotrophs
use light for supplemental energy
65
What are the two stages of photosynthesis
1. Light reactions - light energy is trapped by photoexcitation (excitation of electrons) and converted to reducing power and chemical energy (ATP) 2. Light-independent reactions - the reducing power and chemical energy are used to reduce CO 2 and synthesize cell constituents
66
Chlorosomes
Specialized structures that hold stacks of bacteriochlorophyll and are particularly efficient at capturing light

Micro (5 decks)

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