Unit 3 Flashcards
(37 cards)
1
Q
Revolution
A
- A sudden, drastic, or total transformation of a government or social order in support of a new system
- Insurrection
- Rebellion
- Revolt
2
Q
3 criteria to make a revolution
A
1) - Upset with the status quo or need for change
- People need to feel unsatisfied or want to change the status quo
2) Create a plan
- Presented plan needs to seem better than the current status quo
3) The plan is carried into action and makes a change. The plan should happen for at least a short period of time
3
Q
Tragic Necessity
A
- A moment that has tragically occurred but was a necessity change towards the status quo
- Clearly connected to historic perspective
4
Q
Renaissance
A
- Means rebirth
- social movement that began in Italy in the 1300’s
- Revolution to make a big change in art, literature, and education
- After black death and millions died there was more demand of money
- Peasants became more powerful which weakened feudal system
5
Q
Humanism
A
- Cultural movement during Renaissance
- Study of classical works for literature form ancient world
- Believed that learning many topics led to better life
- People returned to studying the classical world of ancient Greeks & Romans ( Classical Scholarship)
6
Q
Classical scholarship
A
- Study and interpretation of ancient Greek and Roman texts, languages, and culture
- During Renaissance
- Scholars devoted themselves to the study of Ancient Greek and Roman writings
7
Q
Secularism
A
- View that religion should not be the center of human affairs
- Many believed heaven
- During Renaissance people began to see opportunity for enjoyment and pleasure
8
Q
Individualism
A
- During middle ages collective group was more important than the individuals
- People began to view that human worth is more important than a larger community
- Allowed people to move away from religious topics and got to use imagination
9
Q
Christian humanism
A
- The northern European Renaissance focused mainly on Christian humanism
- Traditional humanists focused on studying a variety of topics and humanity in general
- Christian Humanists focused on the history of Christianity and the law of Jesus Christ
- Christian’s believed that the focus should be on their lives on love, peace, and simplicity
10
Q
Leonardo da Vinci
A
- He was the original Renaissance man
- Talented artist and also excelled in engineering, architecture, and music
- He was also very interested in dissecting different types of animals
- Italian painter, draftsman, sculpter, and architect
11
Q
Indulgence
A
- A document given by the pope that forgave a person from the consequences of the sins he or she committed
- Many Christians believed that this would buy them their way into heaven
Many people disliked and argued against the selling of indulgences - At one point they banned the selling of indulgences
12
Q
Spanish Inquisition
A
- A brutal method to stop the spread of Protestantism and to set up church courts throughout Europe to try and punish anyone who was believed to be a heretic ( Person who has different beliefs considered wrong)
13
Q
Martin Luther
A
- A priest who devoted his life to the church and spent much of his time reading and interpreting the Bible
- While doing research and studying he began to question some of the Catholic Church’s teachings
- He decided to nail his list of complaints to the church door in Gemany
- This list was known as the 95 Theses and listed 95 complaints
14
Q
Catholic Reformation
A
- When portestanism spread in the 1500s and 1600s Catholic leaders knew that changes had to be made within the Catholic Church to end the spread of Protestantism
- This movement was known as Catholic Reformation
- Sometimes this was done peacefully but also violently
15
Q
Protestant Reformation
A
- Those who protested against the Roman Catholic Church were known as Protestants
- Starting what was called the Protestant Reformation
16
Q
95 Theses
A
- While the priest Martin Luther was studying reading and interpreting the Bible, he began to question some of the teachings and and practices of the Catholic Church
- He wrote he complaints and nailed them to the church door
- This was soon called the 95 Theses because it listed 95 complaints
17
Q
Scientific Revolution
A
- In the 1500’s Protestants challenged the Catholic Church and its power
- Catholic leaders adopted the teachings of the church to preserve it’s influence
- Then individuals began wanting more answers about the natural world which led to the Scientific Revolution
18
Q
Scientific method
A
- During the Scientific Revolution two men called Francis Bacon and Rene Descartes came up with a way to conduct orderly and reliable experiments
- This system soon became known as the Scientific method
- This is a step-by-step process for performing experiments and other scientific research and a proper way
19
Q
Ptolemy
A
- A famous Greek thinker who wrote about astronomy and geography in ancient times
- First person to come up with the theory that the earth was the center of the universe in the 100’s and for more than one thousand years many people believed that
- Many people agreed with Ptolemy’s theory because the belief was that God had made human beings the center of everything and so the earth must be the center of the solar system
20
Q
Nicolaus Copernicus
A
- Historians believe that the beginning of the Scientific Revolution was sparked by a book made by a Polish astronomer named Nicolaus Copernicus
- His theory stated that the earth and planets revolved around the sun
- Although he died before he could prove his theory, this became a big addition modern science
21
Q
Galileo Galilei
A
- An Italian scientist that proved Copernicus’ theory
- Was one of the first people to study the sky with a telescope and the first to see craters and mountains on the moon
- Known for using experiments to test his theories rather than just making observations
- He wanted to prove his theories using expierments
22
Q
Sir Isaac Newton
A
- An English scientist who many people believed that he was one of the greatest scientists to ever live
- His theories were proven so many times that at one point they became laws
- His most famous laws is the law of gravity and he is also well known for his laws of motion
23
Q
King Louis XVI
A
- Squandered the wealth of France and brought it to the brink of bankruptcy
- Viewed as a weak leader, whose actions portrayed him as a king and not able to make important decisions to protect his people
- Frequently took poor advice from the queen Marie Antoinette
24
Q
Marie Antoinette
A
- King Louis XVI spouse
- Was a teenage queen in France by 1770 but 23 years later she lost her head to the guillotine
- Last queen of France before the french revolution
25
Jacobins
- The most powerful influence of the French Revolution was exercised by the Jacobins
- Jacobins Clubs were formed throughout France to keep the advances made by the Revolution.
- Early members—some nobles, many professionals, and a few peasants—were conservatives
- The word Jacobin was used as a tag for the most fiery revolutionists
26
Reign of Terror
- An extremely brutal system of justice
- A period that lasted nearly a year where suspected enemies of the revolution were murdered and citizens were guillotined by many people
- Robespierre ordered many killing until his execution In July 1974 which ended the Reign of Terror
27
- Guillotine
- Used for punishment and decapitation and was introduced into France in 1792 during the French Revolution
- Sliced through the neck of a victim and they were often used for the execution of criminals of noble birth
- Joseph-Ignace Guillotin, a french physician was instrumental in having a law making all deaths to be carried out by the machine (Guillotine)
- This was done so the process of the execution would be as painless as possible
28
Napoleon Bonaparte
- Seized power in 1799 after he was a successful military leader
- Ruled like an emperor
- A total of 100,000 people died in the revolution by different methods
29
National Assembly
- Formed by members of the 3rd estate when the 1st and 2nd estate refuse to share power
- Becomes the parliament of France
Upsets King Louis XVI because now his power is threatened
30
3 Estates
1st estate : Clergy ( less than 1 % of population, paid no taxtes
2nd estate: Nobility ( Less than 2 % of population, paid no taxes
3rd estate: Everyone else (98% of population, paid all taxes)
3rd estate is doing all work but doesn't have any representation in government6
31
French Revolution
- People were unhappy with the king because of high taxes and lack of food
- People stormed the Bastille prison, many were executed during the Reign of Terror, and the king was killed
- The king was overthrown, Napoleon took power, and new ideas about freedom and equality spread
- Changed France form a monarchy to a republic
32
Maximilien Robespierre
- Leader during the French Revolution and head of the Committee of Public Safety
- Strong supporter of democracy and equality
- Led the Reign of Terror where many where executed
- Executed in 1794 marking the end of the Reign of Terror
33
Industrial Revolution
- Took place between the 18th and 19th centuries
- The Industrial Revolution began in Britain and before it began most manufacturing was done in one’s home
- People built their homes using manual strategies and tools
- Industrialization changed all this and made it possible to mass produce goods and sell them from far away
34
Child Labor
- Work that is harmful to children and takes away their ability to have a good childhood
- Can cause physical and mental harm to kids
- Making them to consecutive hard work
35
Mohamed Bouazizi
- Tunisian street vendor
Set himself on fire in a protest against police corruption and bad treatment in 2010
- His act make a change in the Tunisian Revolution and the wider Arab Spring leading to huge political changes
36
Arab Spring
- Series of anti-government protests and rebellions that took place in many Middle Eastern and North African countries starting in late 2010
- Began with a Tunisian man (Mohamed Bouazizi) starting himself on fire in protest in front of the government headquarters because of corupption
- Inspired many other throughout the region to start protesting
37
Refugee
- A person who has to leave their home country because lack of safety
Ex: War, violence, etc.
- They try to find Safety and to escape the danger
