Unit 3 Flashcards
1
Q
- narrow niche
- less adaptable b/c of specialized needs
- more likely to become extinct
- use a specific set of resources
- easily affected by changing conditions
- have an advantage when conditions are more constant
A
specialists
2
Q
- broad niche
- adaptable to many environments
- less likely to become extinct
- use a variety of resources
- high range of tolerance
- have an advantage when conditions change
A
generalists
3
Q
- factors that affect the size of a population depending on the size and density of the population
- the greater the size/density of population the greater the impact of these resources on population size
- ex. food, water, shelter, disease, predation, competition, mates
A
density-dependent factors
4
Q
- factors that influence population size, regardless of the population density
- ex. hurricanes, tornadoes, floods, fires, climate change, volcanic eruptions, drought, deforestation
A
density-independent factors
5
Q
- this model shows rapid growth of a population when it is not limited by resources
- more births occur with each step in time
- population growth line on a graph is a J shaped curve
- unlimited resources
A
exponential growth
6
Q
- this model initially shows exponential growth, but then population size slows as it reaches the carrying capacity of the environment
- determined by density-dependent limiting factors
- creates an S-shaped curve on a graph
- limited resources
A
logistic growth model
7
Q
the number of individuals the environment can sustain/support
A
carrying capacity (k)
8
Q
every population has a maximum potential for growth if conditions are ideal and resources are unlimited
A
biotic potential/intrinsic growth rate
9
Q
overshoot
A
population is over its carrying capacity and has a lot of resources
10
Q
die-off
A
population is below its carrying capacity and has a decrease in resources
11
Q
- a species with a low intrinsic growth rate that causes the population to increase slowly until it reaches carrying capacity
- specialists
- type 1
- logistic growth model
Life Span = long
Time to Reproductive Maturity = long
# of Offspring = few
Size of Offspring = large
Parental Care = present
Population Growth Rate = slow
Population Regulation = density-dependent
Population Dynamics = stable, near k
Ex = elephants, primates, redwood trees, bald eagles, humans
A
k-selected species
12
Q
- a species with a high intrinsic growth rate and often leads to population overshoots and die-offs
- invasive species and generalists
- type 3
- exponential growth model
Life Span = short
Number of offspring = many
Time to Reproductive Maturity = short
Size of Offspring = small
Parental Care = absent
Population Growth Rate = fast
Population Regulation = density-independent
Population Dynamics = highly variable
Ex = mice, insects, tuna, dandelions, bacteria, small fishes
A
r-selected species
13
Q
- these species have a high survival rate throughout most of their life span, but increased mortality as individuals get older
- typical of K-selected species
A
type 1
14
Q
- the individuals die at equal rates no matter their age
- relatively constant in survivorship throughout most of their life
A
type 2
15
Q
- these species have low survivorship early in life with few individuals reaching adulthood
- typical of r- selected species
- large % of population dies early in life
A
type 3
16
Q
the number of individuals per unit area at a given time
A
population density
17
Q
the number of births per 1,000 individuals per year
A
birth rate
18
Q
the number of deaths per 1,000 individuals per year
A
death rate
19
Q
equals the birth rate minus the death rate divided by the initial population size
A
growth rate
20
Q
the difference between immigration and emigration in a given year per 1,000 people in a country
A
net migration rate
21
Q
the movement of people into a country or region, from another country or region
A
immigration
22
Q
the movement of people out of a country or region
A
emigration
23
Q
a country with relatively high levels of industrialization and income
A
developed country
24
Q
a country with relatively low levels of industrialization and income
A
developing country
25
- total fertility rate required to offset the average number of deaths in a population in order to maintain the current population size
- maintains a stable population
- higher in developing countries because mortality among young people tends to be higher
replacement level fertility
26
an estimate of the average number of children that each woman in a population will bear throughout her childbearing years
total fertility rate
27
continued population growth after reduction measures have been implemented
population momentum
28
a visual representation of the number of individuals within specific age groups for a country, typically expressed for males and females
age structure diagram
29
group of individuals of the same age
cohort
30
the average ecological footprint of an individual in a given country or area
per capita
31
theory that as a country moves from a subsistence economy to industrialization and increased affluence it undergoes a predictable shift in population growth
demographic transition
32
- developing
- stable population
- no family planning
- women are not working
- no health care
- high birth and death rates
phase 1
33
- end of the phase is developed
- death rates drop b/c health care increases
- birth rates high
- population grows
phase 2
34
- stable
- birth rates drop
- death rates low
phase 3
35
- developed
- birth and death rates low
- no growth since birth and deaths are the same
- population stops growing
phase 4
36
the practice of regulating # or spacing of offspring through the use of birth control
increase in this:
- women's education
- advertising campaigns
- increased income
family planning
37
The average number of years that an infant born in a particular year in a particular country can be expected to live, given the current average life span and death rate in that country
life expectancy
38
the number of deaths of children under 1 year of age per 1,000 live births
infant mortality
39
the number of deaths of children under age 5 per 1,000 live births
child mortality
40
thomas malthus
said humans can exceed their carrying capacity
41
- is the entire set of environmental conditions under which a species can survive and reproduce itself
- there are no limiting factors on the environment or the resources the organism can use
- AKA pre-competitive niche
fundamental niche
42
- this is where the species actually lives
- the set of environmental conditions actually used by a species after interactions with competitors and predators are taken into account
- AKA post-competitive niche
realized niche
