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AP Environmental Science > Unit 3 > Flashcards

Unit 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What is polyculture

A

Different crop types planted all year

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2
Q

What type of agriculture does slash and burn

A

Traditional agriculture

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3
Q

What are subsidies

A

Tax to farmers

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4
Q

What type of agriculture is monocultural

A

Plantation agriculture

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5
Q

Organic agriculture uses:

A

No pesticides or fertilizers

Animals eat organic

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6
Q

What is a CAFO

A

Contained animal feeding operation

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7
Q

Green Revolution def

A

A time when farming practices switched in order to produce more food for an increasing population

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8
Q

Soil def

A

Mix of geologic and organic components

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9
Q

Humus def

A

Decomposed organic material

Has lots of nutrients

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10
Q

What are the layers of soil

A

O
A
B
C

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11
Q

What is the O soil layer

A

All organic material
Decomposed leaves/plants

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12
Q

What is the A soil layer

A

Topsoil
Minerals from below with organic material
Where roots are

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13
Q

What is the B soil layer

A

Subsoil
High in minerals but low in organic material
Clay

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14
Q

What is the C soil layer

A

Weathered bedrock

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15
Q

What differentiates soil texture

A

Particle sizes

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16
Q

Soils with the biggest particles to smallest particles

A

Sand- biggest
Silt
Clay- smallest

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17
Q

Smaller particles = ______ porosity

A

Higher

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18
Q

Smaller particles = ______ permeability

A

Lower

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19
Q

Photosynthesis reactants

A

CO2, H2O, and sun energy

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20
Q

Photosynthesis products

A

O2 and glucose

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21
Q

Cellular respiration reactants

A

O2 and glucose

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22
Q

Cellular respiration products

A

CO2, H20, energy- ATP

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23
Q

Where is most of the carbon on earth

A

Ocean

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24
Q

Where is most of the nitrogen on earth

A

Atmosphere

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25
What gas in the atmosphere has triple bonds and can't be used by living organisms
N2
26
What is the formula for nitrate
NO3
27
What is the formula for nitrite
NO2
28
What is the formula for ammonia
NH3
29
What is the formula for ammonium
NH4
30
What can soil bacteria turn excess nitrates into
N2O, nitrous oxide
31
What is fixation in the nitrogen cycle
Nitrogen gas from the atmosphere is turned into nitrates from lightning/fires and ammonia from nitrogen-fixing bacteria N2 ---> NO3 or NH3
32
What is assimilation in the nitrogen cycle
An organism takes in a nutrient, like a plant taking in ammonia
33
What is nitrification in the nitrogen cycle
Bacteria oxidize NH4 adding oxygens to it. First forming nitrite and finally forming nitrate
34
What is ammonification in the nitrogen cycle
Decomposers make ammonia Organic forms of nitrogen into ammonia
35
What is denitrification in the nitrogen cycle
Nitrates lose their oxygen atoms and are converted back into N2 in the atmosphere
36
Why is phosphorus cycle unique
Doesnt go into the atmosphere or a gas
37
What cycle is the slowest
Phosphorus
38
What is the largest reservoir for phosphorus
Sedimentary rock
39
What is no-till farming
Old plants are cut but their roots are left in the soil. Then new plants are planted on top
40
What is agroforestry
Incorporates trees so plants can grow in the shade Coffee
41
What is cover crop
Planting crops over other crops
42
What are windbreaks
Rows of trees and plants infront of crops
43
What is contour farming
Follows the slope of land to prevent erosion
44
What is green manure
Growing specific crops that are then plowed back into the soil
45
What is a pest
Any species that interers with human welfare
46
What are chemical pesticides
Compounds used to intentionally reduce pest populations
47
What are first generation pesticides
Highly toxic for wide range of organisms. Before 1940 Naturally occurring
48
What are inorganic compounds
Dont break down in soil or water (persistence)
49
What are organic compounds
Plant-derived compounds
50
What are second generation pesticides
Synthetic chemicals produced in a lab After 1940
51
What are broad spectrum pesticides
Toxic to a wide range of species. Eliminates natural predators that keep the population in check
52
What are narrow spectrum pesticides
Designed to control a select group of pests. With hormones or physical characteristics
53
What is bioaccumulation
Increase in chemical concentration within one organism over time
54
What is biomagnification
Increase in chemical concentration as its passed through food chains
55
What is a pesticide treadmill
Forced to use larger amount and more toxic chemicals as the pests evolve resistance
56
What is the clean water act
Laws designed to fight water pollution. Only surface water Permit system
57
What is the safe drinking water act
Laws setting national standards for safe drinking water EPA establishes maximum contaminant levels Groundwater applies
58
What is biological pest control
Biological, ecological, or cultivation tools to reduce pest populations
59
What is integrated pest management
Program evaluating each crop and pest as part of an ecosystem. Reduce crop damage with minimum pesticide use
60
What is selective breeding
A form of artificial selection that has been used for millennia to produce crops and livestock with preferred traits.
61
What are GMOs?
Organisms that have had their DNA altered by genetic engineering
62
What percentage of annual water consumption is agriculture responsible for
70
63
What is flood irrigation
Let water flow and disperse over a field surface Need a slope
64
What is furrow irrigation
Let water flow and disperse through trenches Extreme evaporation loss
65
What is spray irrigation
Pump groundwater into sprinklers to distribute water from central location. Nozzles clog Machinery
66
What is drip irrigation
Delivers water directly to plant through small pores in pipes
67
What is an aqueduct
A cement base trail for water to flow in
68
What is a dam
Controls flow of water Produces hydroelectric power Deprives downstream river of water Flooding upstream
69
What is a LD50
Dosage that is lethal to 50% of test subjects
70
What is a LC50
Concentration of solution that is lethal to 50% of test subjects
71
What is a threshold dose
Dosage at which the effect is first observed
72

AP Environmental Science (7 decks)

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