UNIT 3 Flashcards
(131 cards)
1
Q
belong to the host
○ Can be a tolerogen since it belongs to the
host
A
autoantigens
2
Q
from other members of the host’s
species
A
alloantigens
3
Q
from other species
A
heteroantigens
4
Q
hetero ags that exist in
unrelated plants or animals but are either identical or closely-related in structure so that ab to one can
cross react w/ ag of the other.
A
heterophile antigens
5
Q
antigens that can be tolerated by the
immune system; it could be an autoantigen
(self-antigen)
A
tolerogen
6
Q
Substance administered with an immunogen that
increases and hastens the immune response
A
adjuvants
7
Q
Ag capable of stimulating the IR
A
immunogens
8
Q
Are antigens that can be recognized and should be
reacted by immune system, eliciting a response
A
immunogens
9
Q
Generation of immune
response against an immunogen
A
immunogenecity
10
Q
All immunogens are antigen; but not all antigens are
immunogen
A
TRUE
11
Q
best immunogens
A
proteins
12
Q
Present in the pathogen
A
PAMP
13
Q
This is the pattern recognized by
PRR and deemed foreign, eliciting
response
A
PAMP
14
Q
This recognizes damaged patterns
and considers it foreign therefore
removed from the immune system
A
DAMP
15
Q
the ability of the APR to
degrade the antigen to smaller pieces;
smaller pieces are easier to lyse
A
degradability
16
Q
antigen still remains present in the APR until
communicated with T Cell (must remain
stable to be detected by T cell pag pinasa ni
APR)
A
stability
17
Q
MHC Class I
A
TC
18
Q
MHC Class II
A
TH
19
Q
CD8+ / All nucleated cell / red
cell
A
MHC Class 1
20
Q
APC (dendritic, Macrophage /
Monocyte, B cell)
A
MHC Class 2
21
Q
Any cell which utilizes MHC______ communicates with T cytotoxic or T suppressor cells
A
Class I
22
Q
but in certain times,
specially _______ there is a chance
for them to use class 1 molecules.
A
dendritic cells
23
Q
is the most potent
APC because it effectively uses
both Class II (CD4+ T helper) and
Class I (CD8+ T8 cytotoxic) MHC
A
DC
24
Q
small substances that are
non-immunogenic in itself.
Complexed to larger molecule (carriers) to be
immunogenic
A
HAPTENS
25
It requires a carrier protein for them to be an
immunogen and be recognized by the immune system
TRUE
26
most potent APR during
inflammation and can increase up to 100-1000x
CRP
27
Cutting; breaks down/maps out the effects
of neutrophil (eats and becomes destroyed
(frustrated phagocytosis) → leaves kalat →
_______cleans it
a1 antitrypsin
28
Should create lysis
○ Attach to the cell surface of the antigen
acting as an opsonin (C4, C1 etc)
complement proteins
29
Should create lysis
○ Attach to the cell surface of the antigen
acting as an opsonin (C4, C1 etc)
complement proteins
30
Needed for digestion of cholesterol, Accumulates in the cytoplasm of
the macrophage → lead to
nonfunctional macrophage, hence it should be removed from the cytoplasm by
serum amyloid A
31
Binds to free hemoglobin (in the form of ferrous)
haptoglobin
32
Binds to copper
Translates iron so that the ferric state would
bind to the transferrin and then go to the
bone marrow (Ferrous to Ferric)
ceruloplasmin
33
Antigens that induce tolerance
tolerogens
34
________are tolerogens; not attacked by your
immune system because they are known to your
immune system
Type A given to Type B
○ To the donor (Type A) - A antigen is a
tolerogen
○ To the recipient (Type B) - A antigen now
becomes an immunogen
BLOOD TYPES
35
small portion of the antigen is recognized by its
corresponding receptor
epitopes
36
Recognized both linear and conformational
epitopes present on the surface of an
immunogen
B CELLS
37
is most effective
in extracellular infection; anything
in the blood/tissues, the B cell
attaches and recognizes it
HUMORAL
38
Recognized epitope only as a part of the
complex formed with MHC on the surface of
antigen-presenting cells.
■ Only a specific confirmation of the
epitope can be recognized
■ Can only recognize simpler
epitopes = Linear
T CELLS
39
Binds to antigens
B CELLS
40
Protein,
polysaccharides,
lipids
b cells
41
Binds antigenic
peptides bound to
MHC
t cells
42
Internal linear
peptides produced
by antigen
processing
t cells
43
Accessible,
sequential or
nonsequential
b cells
44
Main goal: make the antigen stable (protector); like a
capsule
ADJUVANTS
45
For it to now melt easily, main use is on
vaccine since external forces can affect the
vaccine
○ Each vaccine has its own
adjuvant
46
Capable of releasing porphyrin and granzymes
effector t cytotoxic
47
pro-inflammatory; goal is to kill intracellular
pathogen
th1
48
Releases Cytokines needed to enhance action against intracellular pathogens
th1
49
anti-inflammatory; to calm (secretes _____
th2
IL4
IL5
TGF-BETA
IL 10
50
class switching of
immunoglobulins
IL4 AND IL5
51
IgM ⟶ IgE
IL4
52
IgM IgG ⟶ IgA
IL5
53
anti-inflammatory
cytokine
● Its effect is to calm
overstimulated T-cells.
TGF BETA
TH2
54
Tells/signals your body to produce
antibody
■ Without this interleukin, your B cell will not function properly
IL10
55
pro-inflammatory; increased phagocytic
function of the cell (macrophage)
○ Hastens the activity of phagocytes
Needed against extracellular infection such
as fungal infection.
th17
56
anti-inflammatory
○ Releases IL10 and TGF-Beta
t-regulator
57
In order for the T cells to recognize an antigen, it
should be processed and broken down into
peptides
58
bound to the MHC molecules of APCs
peptides
59
To consider a protein it should contain ______ peptide chains
3
60
produced by many cells
including antigen presenting cells to cut the
protein into smaller pieces
proteasomes
61
Only receives the antigen
TCR = CD3
62
one that recognizes
the MHC molecule at a specific domain
CD4
63
When CD4 + MHC, it
causes the TCR to receive the antigen:
primary/first signal
64
Co-stimulatory receptors or molecules.
secondary signals/co-stimulatory
65
Rule of thumb: both primary and secondary must be
present for an immune response to be present
TRUE
66
Given that it has antigen, it will activate T
cell and become an effector to do its function; naive T
cell just sleeps
activation
67
Immunogenicity
co-stimulation
68
Infections
no co-stimulation
69
Graft Acceptance
no co-stimulation
70
Graft rejection
co-stimulation
71
Self tolerance
Malignancy
No response
no co-stimulation
72
allergy
co-stimulation
73
Discovered as a genetic locus that determines
acceptance or rejection of tissue grafts exchanged
between persons
MHC
74
are polymorphic and its alleles are
co-dominantly expressed
MHC genes
75
Derives from the research on transplantation that
started in the mid-20th century.
These are studies which provided insights on the rules
governing the acceptance or rejection of tissues
histocompatibility
76
It is also necessary for control of cellular interaction of
immune cells
Production of certain serum proteins
complex
77
Are cell surface markers that allow immune cells to
distinguish "self" from "non-self.
Human leukocyte antigens
78
Markers which can be found within (cytoplasm) and on (trying to present an
antigen to the T cell or it has already
presented the antigen
HLA
79
HLA antigens are prominent in ______
along with IgD and MHC
mature B
80
These antigens were first described on white blood
cells (leukocytes) and are coded for by genes in the
MHC located on chromosome
6
81
products were identified as responsible for
graft rejection
MHC genes
82
The term "HLA" was coined by______ because
these were first defined by discovering an antibody
response to circulating WBCs.
JEAN DAUSSET
83
named according to the product
expressed by the gene locus (capital letter) and the
allele (number)
CAPS - GENE LOCUS
NUMBER- ALLELE
84
Combination of inherited HLA alleles
HAPLOTYPE
85
2 KEY FUNCTIONS OF MHC IN ANTIGEN PRESENTATION
1. to selectively bind to peptides
2. to present peptides on the surface of the host cell to a t cell with a correct t cell receptor
86
Transplantation Antigens
Serologically Detected Membrane Antigens
Cellular Target Antigens for Cell
Mediated Lympholysis
CLASS 1 - A,B,C,E,F,G,H,X
87
I -region leukocyte antigen
T and B cell interaction
Immune Response
Mixed Leukocyte Reaction
Tumor Virus Susceptibility
Peptide Transport
Generation of Cytosolic Proteins
Class II - DP DQ DR
DM DN DO
88
Serum Protein Molecules
Complement Levels, Cytokines and Proteins
Class III - C'
Components,
cytochrome p450, 21
hydroxylases and
TNF
89
do not respond to host cells in the absence of
foreign peptide
________focus on responding to infected cells but
cannot respond to host cells that are uninfected
t cells
90
● CD8+ T cell responds to peptide plus self-MHC
CLASS 1
91
CD4+ T cell responds to peptide plus self-MHC
CLASS 2
92
The chains that MHC Class I has is _______
also has an independent protein which is the
_________
alpha 1 to 3 chains
beta-2-microglobulin
93
binding site in class 1
ALPHA 3
94
coded by chromosome 15
○ just added to the MHC molecule represented
by alpha domains
b2 microglobulin
95
alpha 1
alpha 2
beta 1
beta 2
CLASS 2 MHC
96
binding site of class 2
beta 2
97
Designated as E, F, and G
non classical class 1 mhc antigens
98
All ________ are not expressed on the cell surfaces
and do not function in antigen recognition but has
other role in immune response
except G
99
are expressed on fetal trophoblast cells
during the 1st trimester of pregnancy.
G ANTIGENS
100
It helps ensure tolerance for the fetus by
protecting placental tissue from the action of
NK cells
G ANTIGENS
101
molecules involved in loading
peptides onto class Il molecules
HLA-DM
102
controls antigen binding
HLA DO
103
function remains unknown
HLA DN
104
ARE NOT ASSOCIATED WITH CELL
MEMBRANE SURFACES
CLASS 3
105
molecules that bind peptides (8-11 amino
acid long) (Stevens & Miller, 2017) derived from
proteins catabolized in the cytoplasm
CLASS 1
8-11
106
are transported into the
endoplasmic reticulum where they interact
with newly synthesized MHC Class I
Beta-2-microglobulin chains
PEPTIDES
107
Smaller peptides are presented by Class
CLASS 1 SMALLER
108
molecules longer are for Class
CLASS 2 LONGER
109
In the cytoplasm they meets with the Class I
molecule, they will then be presented in
surface via
exocytosis
110
Molecules that are found in nearly every nucleated cell
surface
CLASS 1 NUCLEATED
111
These are molecules that interacts with peptides
(12-17 aa long; Stevens) derived from proteins taken
into cells and catabolized in acid vesicles in APCs.
CLASS 2
12-17
112
Protein is from the outside (aka exogenous)
CLASS 2 EXOGENOUS
113
As it enters the APC, it is already in antigen protein form
■ It processes exogenous antigens to the T-helper cells (CD4)
CLASS 2 CD4 TH EXO
114
endogenous for _____(doon
ginawa sa loob)
● Presents to Tc
CLASS 1 CD8 TC ENDO
115
Made intracellularly by viruses,
tumors, intracellular pathogens
● They aim to multiply in
the cell
■ Bypass to produce protein inside
class 1
116
Takes up exogenous antigens
Dendritic cells and macrophages eat it
class 2
117
Consist of 2 non-covalently bound
polypeptide chains that are encoded by
separate genes in the MHC complex.
major class 2
118
Are heterodimers because they contain 2 different
chains
major class 2
119
expressed at the
highest levels; accounts ~ ½ of all class II
MHC molecules on a cell.
HLA -DR
120
molecules -found in the shortest
HLA DP
121
- Both are polygenic and are highly
polymorphic in nature
- They bind to peptides
- Expressed coordinately and
codominantly
TRUE
122
can only respond to antigens
when antigens are combined with MC molecules.
T CELLS
123
Synthesized in the RER
class 1
124
88-kd membrane-bound molecule in
the ER keeping the a chains partially folded while it is
waiting to bind with the B2-microglobulin.
calnexin
125
also bind to a chain that is still unpaired with
ß2-microglobulin.
ERp57
126
Once a chain is bound with ß2-macroglobulin, ______will be released, chaperones
________will join the complex and help
on stabilizing the MHC molecule for peptide binding
calnexin and erp57
calreticulin and tapasin
127
stabilization until it
reaches the peptides being presented to it
by transporter proteins (TAP)
chaperones
128
will cut it into smaller pieces/peptides
which will be transported by TAP
proteasomes
129
transporter proteins of peptide to MHC molecule
TAP
130
Class II molecules are synthesized in the ER and
associate with the protein:
Ii INVARIANT CHAIN
131
serves as a chaperone to direct
the aB heterodimer to an endosomal, acidic
protein–processing location
Ii INVARIANT CHAIN
