unit 3

Question 1

What are the 6 functions of the skeletal system?

Answer 1

1. Support: Provides a framework for the body.
2. Protection: Shields vital organs.
3. Movement: Serves as levers for muscles.
4. Mineral storage: Stores calcium and phosphorus.
5. Blood cell production: Houses bone marrow for blood cell formation.
6. Energy storage: Stores lipids in yellow marrow.

Question 2

What is the difference between the axial and appendicular skeleton?

Answer 2

The axial skeleton includes the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage, while the appendicular skeleton consists of the limbs and girdles (shoulder and pelvic).

Question 3

What are the 6 classes of bones by shape?

Answer 3

1. Long bones: Humerus (appendicular).
2. Short bones: Carpals (appendicular).
3. Flat bones: Sternum (axial).
4. Irregular bones: Vertebrae (axial).
5. Sutural bones: Sutures in the skull (axial).
6. Sesamoid bones: Patella (appendicular).

Question 4

How does the gross anatomy of a flat bone compare to a long bone?

Answer 4

Flat bones are thin and curved, providing protection and surface area for muscle attachment, while long bones are cylindrical, designed for leverage and movement.

Question 5

Where are flat bones located and what is their morphology?

Answer 5

Flat bones are located in areas such as the skull, ribs, and sternum, and their morphology allows for protection of underlying organs and muscle attachment.

Question 6

What are the characteristics of true ribs vs. false ribs?

Answer 6

True ribs (1-7) attach directly to the sternum, while false ribs (8-12) do not. Floating ribs (11-12) are a type of false rib that do not attach to the sternum at all.

Question 7

What is the general structure of the vertebral column?

Answer 7

The vertebral column consists of 33 vertebrae divided into cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal regions.

Question 8

What are the 4 curvatures of the spine?

Answer 8

The four curvatures are cervical, thoracic, lumbar, and sacral. Abnormal curvatures include scoliosis (lateral curvature), kyphosis (excessive thoracic curvature), and lordosis (excessive lumbar curvature).

Question 9

What are the 3 classes of joints found in the human body according to the structural classification scheme?

Answer 9

The three classes of joints are fibrous joints, cartilaginous joints, and synovial joints.

Joints are classified structurally based on the material that binds the bones together and the presence or absence of a joint cavity.

Question 10

Describe the structure and location of an intervertebral disc.

Answer 10

Intervertebral discs are located between the vertebrae in the spine and consist of a gel-like center (nucleus pulposus) surrounded by a tough outer layer (annulus fibrosus).

They function to absorb shock and allow for movement and support of the spine.

Question 11

What are the components of the pectoral and pelvic girdles?

Answer 11

The pectoral girdle includes the clavicle and scapula, while the pelvic girdle consists of the hip bones (ilium, ischium, and pubis).

Both girdles articulate with the axial skeleton.

Question 12

What are the distinguishing features of a simple synovial joint?

Answer 12

The distinguishing features include the joint/articular capsule, synovial membrane, synovial cavity, synovial fluid, articular cartilage, blood vessels, and sensory nerves.

Each feature has specific structures, functions, and locations that contribute to joint movement and stability.

Question 13

What are the 6 different types of synovial joints?

Answer 13

The six types are hinge, ball-and-socket, pivot, saddle, condyloid, and plane joints.

Each type allows for different movements in the four planes: flexion/extension, abduction/adduction, rotation, and circumduction.