Unit 3

Question 1

what activates mast cells

Answer 1

PAMPs and DAMPs

Question 2

Mast cell role

Answer 2

release histamines and heparin

Question 3

histamine role

Answer 3

vasodilation and allergic response
redness, swelling, heat

Question 4

heparin role

Answer 4

anticoagulant

Question 5

what do damaged cells secrete

Answer 5

cytokines and chemokines

Question 6

cytokines role

Answer 6

dilate capillaries, trigger expression of selectin receptors on endothelial cells, function as signaling molecules in autocrine, paracrine, or endocrine

Question 7

what induces chemotaxis of neutrophils to damaged tissue

Answer 7

increased chemokines

Question 8

Neutrophils role

Answer 8

bind to the selectin receptors to enter the damaged tissue via diapedesis, phagocytose bacteria and damaged cells (kills healthy too)

Question 9

diapedesis

Answer 9

the passage of blood cells through the intact walls of the capillaries, typically accompanying inflammation

Question 10

chemokines

Answer 10

recruit monocytes from the bone marrow

Question 11

monocytes

Answer 11

differentiate into macrophages and dendritic cells that further attack the bacteria

Question 12

what cells are part of the innate immune response

Answer 12

mast cell, monocyte, neutrophil, eosinophil, macrophage, dendritic cell

Question 13

what cells are part of the aquired immune response

Answer 13

t lymphocyte, b lymphocyte, plasma cell, memory b cell

Question 14

steps to activate helper T cell

Answer 14

1. macrophage presents antigen on MHC II
2. CD4 of Naive T cell binds MHC II
3. T cell receptor interacts with antigen for recognition
4. co-stimulation: B7-CD28 interaction
5. IL 2 released by the Naive T cell to signal activation and proliferation

Question 15

Steps for Activating B cell to make antibodies

Answer 15

1. Naive B cell presents antigen on MHC II
2. CD4-MHC II interaction brings helper T cell into proximity
3. activated T cell receptor interacts with antigen on MHC II
4. co stimulation by CD40 binding CD40 L
5. Paracrine stimulation by T cell release IL4 which binds receptors in B lymphocyte
6. Naive B cells become plasma B cells that produce antibodies

Question 16

Activating cytotoxic T cells

Answer 16

1. antigen presented on MHC I
2. CD8 of Naive T cell binds MHC I
3. antigen recognition
4. co stimulation: B7-CD28 interaction
5. Proliferation by IL2, naive T cell becomes activated T killer cell
6. Killer T cells kill infected cells

Question 17

interferons

Answer 17

trigger decrease in endocytosis, exocytosis, transcription and translation

Question 18

Lipopolysaccharide

Answer 18

found on the surface of gram negative bacteria

Question 19

colony stimulating factors

Answer 19

hormones that regulate WBC populations

Question 20

Multi CSF

Answer 20

accelerates production of granulocytes, monocytes, platelets, and RBCs

Question 21

erythropoietin

Answer 21

hormone that leads to red blood cell production

Question 22

myeloid stem cells

Answer 22

can form megakarocytes -> have part of cell body pinching off to form platelets which contain clotting factors

Question 23

Eosinophil

Answer 23

bilobed, allergic reactions and parasitic infections

Question 24

steps of injury healing

Answer 24

hemotasis, inflammation, proliferation, remodeling

Question 25

what carries lymph back to cardiovascular system

Answer 25

thoracic duct and right lymphatic duct

Question 26

primary lymphoid tissues

Answer 26

where lymphocytes are formed and mature (red bone marrow, thymus)

Question 27

secondary lymphoid tissues

Answer 27

where lymphocytes are activated (tonsils, MALT, lymph nodes, spleen)

Question 28

thymus

Answer 28

regulates T-cell lymphocyte development maturation, selection done at thymic epithelial cells for efficacy and specificity

Question 29

lymph nodes structure

Answer 29

cortex: contains follicles medulla: contains macrophage

Question 30

hematopoietic stem cells

Answer 30

can develop into all types of blood cells