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BMS 300 Principles of Physiology > Unit 4 > Flashcards

Unit 4 Flashcards

(70 cards)

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1
Q

upper respiratory system

A

nose, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, pharynx

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2
Q

lower respiratory system

A

larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli

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3
Q

conducting portion of the respiratory tract

A

nasal cavity to larger bronchioles

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4
Q

respiratory portion of the respiratory tract

A

smallest respiratory bronchioles and alveoli

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5
Q

respiratory mucosa

A

lines conducting portion, epithelium and underlying layer of areolar tissue

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6
Q

lamina propria

A

underlying layer of areolar tissue that supports the respiratory epithelium

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7
Q

ciliary movement

A

propels mucus across the epithelial surface

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8
Q

pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

A

permits mucociliary clearance, nasal cavity, superior pharynx, superior lower respiratory system

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9
Q

stratified squamous epithelium

A

provides protection, inferior pharynx

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10
Q

cuboidal epithelium (w/ scattered cilia)

A

smaller bronchioles

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11
Q

simple squamous epithelium

A

alveoli - permits gas exchange

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12
Q

nasal vestibule

A

space contained within the flexible tissues of the nose

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13
Q

purpose of turbulent nasal airflow

A

small particles contact mucus, warms and humidfys air, olfactory stimuli

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14
Q

epiglottis

A

small flap that prevents food from entering the larynx

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15
Q

Type 1 pneumocyte

A

site of gas diffusion

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16
Q

type 2 pneumocyte

A

produce surfactant (reduces surface tension)

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17
Q

factors that favor an increase in lung volume (inspiration)

A

muscle contraction
neagative intrapleural pressure (suction lungs to thoracic wall)
Elastic recoil of thoracic wall
Surfactant in the alveoli

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18
Q

factors that favor a decrease in lung volume

A

-elastic recoil of alveolar walls
-muscle contractions (forced expiration)

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19
Q

boyles law

A

if the pressure on gas increases, the volume decreases and vice versa

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20
Q

Ficks law

A

substances move from areas of high concentration to low concentration, driven by concentration gradients

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21
Q

Daltons law

A

total pressure exerted by gases is equal to the sum of partial pressures of the gases

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22
Q

henrys law

A

amount of gas that dissolves in a liquid is directly proportional to the partial pressure of that gas above the liquid

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23
Q

central chemoreceptors

A

detect increase in CO2 level

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24
Q

peripheral chemoreceptors

A

detect decrease in O2, increase in CO2

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25
compliance
a measure of how easy it is to inflate the lungs
26
Law of laplace
pressure = (2*surface tension)/radius
27
carbonic anhydrase reaction
CO2 and water produce hydrogen ion and bicarbonate ion
28
Haldane effect
when O2 is high, hemoglobin has lower affinity for CO2 when O2 is low, hemoglobin has a higher affinity for CO2
29
Bohr effect
increases in CO2 and decreases in pH shift hemoglobin curve to the right
30
Hypercapnia
increase in arterial Pco2 -hypoventilation is a common cause -stimulates increase in respiration rate
31
Hypocapnia
decrease in arterial Pco2 -hyperventilation -stimulates chemoreceptors to decrease respiratory rate
32
what cells does stomach release in the cephalic phase
mucus, HCI, Pepsinogen, Ghrelin, Gastrin
33
vagus nerve
innervates the stomach, parasympathetic stimulation
34
Gastric phase
-begins with food arrival, stretch receptors increase gastrin secretions
35
Gastrin
protein digestion contractions (mixing waves) stimulates gastric motility
36
Determinants of Gastric Emptying
increase volume decrease osmolality hypertonic contents increase nutrient density increase partical size increase viscosity
37
three parts of the small intestine in order
duodenum, jejunum, ileum
38
large intestine
absorb water, vitamins, and electrolytes from chyme, and propel feces
39
mesentery
fold of membrane that attaches intestine to abdominal wall and holds it in place
40
disaccharides
sucrose maltose lactose
41
sucrase
sucrose > fructose + glucose
42
maltase
maltose > glucose + glucose
43
lactase
lactose > galactose + glucose
44
what can glucose be used for
energy, stored as glycogen, stored as fat, used for non essential AAs, released into the blood
45
pancreatic islets of langerhans beta cells secrete
insulin
46
pancreatic alpha cells secrete
glucagon
47
micelles
allow fatty acids to be absorbed into intestinal cells
48
chylomicrons
transport fatty acids, fatty acids rebuilt into triglycerides within
49
liver and chylomicrons
liver breaks down and converts to VLDL
50
what can cause plaque formation
ldl goes to injured artery, not removed by hdl
51
proximal convoluted tubule
reabsorption of water, ions, and all organic nutrients
52
distal convoluted tubule
secretion of ions, acids, drugs, toxins, some reabsorption
53
renal corpuscle
production of filtrate
54
papillary duct
delivery of urine to minor calyx
55
Glomerular Filtration Rate
GHP - (CHP + BCOP) BP in glomerulus minus force of filtrate against wall of capsule, osmotic pressure
56
tubular reabsorption
mostly in proximal convoluted tubule, organic solutes, inorganic solutes, water reabsorbes into blood
57
tubular secretion
mostly distal convoluted tubule, inorganic, organic, drug metabolites, toxin secreted from peritubular capillaries or tubule cells into filtrate
58
facilitated diffusion
carrier transport, no ATP, follows concentration gradient
59
active transport
uses ATP, moves against gradient
60
Co-transport
carrier protein not linked to ATP hydrolysis, 2 substrates follow gradient. movement follows gradient of at least one of the transported substances
61
countercurrent multiplication
flow of filtrate is in opposite directions in the nephron loop, change in concentration multiplies from cortex to medulla
62
vasa recta
absorbs the solutes and water reabsorbed by nephron loop and collecting duct, transports to bloodstream to maintain concentration gradient of the renal medulla
63
juxtaglomerular cells
act as mechanoreceptors, can release renin - enlarged smooth muscle cells
64
Macula densa
chemoreceptors or osmoreceptors tall, distal tubule cells
65
mesangial cells
phagocytic and contractile properties, influence capillary filtration, affected by vasopressin and angiotension II
66
functions of the kidney
excretion, blood homeostasis, gluconeogenesis
67
erythropoietin
regulation of RBC production
68
GIP
respons to carbs, triggers insulin release, fat storage
69
Secretin
in response to high pH, triggers pancrease to release bicarb and water
70
CCK
in respose to lipids and preoteins, digestive enzyme release, constricts pyloric sphincter, release bile, increase bile synthesis

BMS 300 Principles of Physiology (5 decks)

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