Unit #3 Flashcards
(155 cards)
1
Q
XYZ Affair
A
John Adam’s sent three envoys to France where they were approached by 3 no names that asked the US for million to talk to PM Talleyrand.
2
Q
Quasi War
A
Undeclared war between US and France which was confined to seas. American ships captured over 80 armed French ships and ranged for 2.5 years.
3
Q
Convention of 1800
A
Three American envoys were met by Napoleon who wanted to work with the US. A treaty ended the 1778 alliance in return for Americans paying the claims of its shippers as alimony. John Adams did the right thing but lost his popularity.
4
Q
Alien and Sedition Acts
A
The Federalists raised the residence requirements for aliens who wanted to become citizens from 5 to 14 years. This let the prescient deport dangerous aline during peace time and jailed them during time of war. The sedition acts provided that anyone who impeded policies of government of falsely defamed it officials were liable to fines/imprisonment.
5
Q
VA and KY Resolutions
A
Jefferson wrote legislation in Kentucky and Madison in Virginia that were against the Alien and Sedition laws. They stressed the compact theory.
6
Q
Compact Theory
A
It stated that the since the states made the federal government they had the right to nullify federal laws.
7
Q
Election of 1800
A
The Federalists were damaged by the Alien and Sedition acts as well as John Adams bit declaring war against France. Thomas Jefferson won the election but on a technicality Burr and Jefferson tied the House was persuaded by Hamilton to vote for Jefferson.
8
Q
Revolution of 1800
A
The peaceful transfer of power and the Republicans were more of the people’s party.
9
Q
12th Amendment
A
Provided for the election for the VP and President by the electoral college if there is no majority for one president; the House of Representatives chooses the president and the Senate the VP.
10
Q
Jeffersonian Democracy
A
He had a very narrow view of the constitution. They opposed aristocracy of any kind, opposed corruption and wanted equal rights for all citizens.
11
Q
Albert Gallatin
A
Secretary of the Treasury; under Jefferson he reduced the national debt substantially while balancing the budget. They were still “funding at par”.
12
Q
Judiciary Act of 1801
A
Adams appointed 16 judicial officers on the last days of their congressional denomination to prolong their legacy. Jefferson immediately repealed this new legislation.
13
Q
John Marshall
A
Cousin of Jefferson; served at Valley Forge and impressed with the draw back of no central authority. Thus, he was a federalist.
14
Q
Marbury vs Madison
A
1789; Marbury was one of the judges Adams had appointed and he was denied his seat by James Madison. This case created Judicial review.
15
Q
Judicial Review
A
The Marbury vs Madison case suggesting the Supreme Court could determine the constitutionality of laws.
16
Q
Chase Impeachment
A
1804: Jefferson tried to impeach the justice Samuel Chase and when the vote got to the Senate, not enough votes were mustered. To this day, no attempt to alter the Supreme Court has ever been tried through impeachment.
17
Q
Tripolitan War
A
North African Barbary pirates looted US ships and declared war by cutting the American flag. Jefferson was non-interventionist and extorted the pirates for peace for $60,000.
18
Q
Toussaint L’Ouverture
A
Leader of Haitian rebellion which was unsuccessful but killed a lot of French due to yellow fever.
19
Q
Louisiana Purchase
A
Napoleon induced Spain to cede this land to France. Then, because Napoleon needed cash to renew his war with Britain he decided to sell Louisiana. In 1803 this was finalized but Jefferson had no idea how to handle it because there were no directions in the constitution. This was a great bargain and both parties were on board with it. Precedent: acquire new territory through purchase and that new land would be equal membership.
20
Q
Jefferson’s Empire of Liberty
A
Identified American’s responsibility to spread Freedom across the globe.
21
Q
Lewis and Clark Expedition
A
Along with Sacajawea, they explored the Louisiana territory.
22
Q
Zebulon Pike
A
Explorer that traveled to headwaters of Mississippi River and to the southern portion of the Louisiana, Spanish land in SW, and wighted Pike’s Peak.
23
Q
Aaron Burr (Burr Conspiracies)
A
Federalists schemed with Aaron Burr to make New England and New York secede from the union; in the process Aaron Burr killed Hamilton in a duel.
24
Q
Orders in Council
A
1806: Launched by London it closed ports under French continental control to foreign shipping, including American, unless they stopped at a British port first.
25
Impressment
Illegal seizure of men and forcing them to serve on ships; Britain and France were both doing this.
26
Chesapeake Incident
British captain ordered the seizure of 4 alleged deserters on the Chesapeake, a US frigate. In an incident in which England was clearly wrong, Jefferson clung to peace.
27
Embargo Act of 1807
Forbade the export of any good from the US to any foreign nation, regardless of whether they were transported in American or foreign ships. It hurt the same New England merchants it was trying to protect and it harmed us more than France/Britain. Also, was not enacted long enough to achieve success.
28
Election of 1808
Alexander Hamilton versus James Madison. The embargo allowed the Federalist party to gain some of its lost power but Madison of the D-R party still won.
29
Non-Intercourse Act
1809: Reopened trade with all nations of the world except France and England. It didn't really change things because the number 1 and 2 trade partners were Britain and France.
30
Macon's Bill #2
Congress adopted a bargaining measure which permitted American trade with all the world and also promised American restoration of trade to France or England if either dropped their commercial restrictions.
31
Cadore Letter
A response to Macon's Bill #2 by France. Napoleon announced French commercial restriction had been lifter and Madison, desperate for recognition of the law, declared France available for American trade.
32
War Hawks
Western politicians that cried out against the Indian threat on the frontier.
33
Tecumseh
Infuriated by Treaty of Fort Wayne: One of two Shawnee brothers that gathered followers urging them to give up textile clothing for traditional buckskin garments and urged Indians not to acknowledge the white man's ownership of the land.
34
Treaty of Fort Wayne
Forced Indians to cede land in Indiana along the Wabash for 2 cents/acre.
35
William Henry Herrison / Battle of Tippecanoe
An american general that advanced upon Tecumseh's headquarters in Tippecanoe and killed the prophet then burned the camp to the ground. He then killed Tecumseh at the Battle of the Thames and the Indian Confederacy dream perished.
36
Battle of Horsehoe Bend
Andrew Jackson crushed the Creek Indians; effectively breaking the Indian rebellion and leaving the entire area east of the Mississippi open for safe settlement.
37
War of 1812
Declared because the War Hawks wanted to get rid of the Indians by wiping out their base in Canada. Also, British impressment stood out and France was allied more with Republicans. New England and Federalists were against the war and the West/South were generally for the war. Disunited America still had to fight.
38
Treaty of Ghent
The British made sweeping demands for land and John Quincy Adams refused, then as American wins began to pile up Britain reconsidered. This was an armistice acknowledging a draw in the war and the main issue of impressment were left unmentioned. Each side simply stopped fighting.
39
Hartford Convention
Massachusetts, Connecticut, New Hampshire, Vermont and Rhode Island met to seek a separate peace treaty with Britain. Few talked about succession and most wanted financial assistance from Washington and an amendment requiring 2/3 majority for embargoes except during invasion. It was the death of the Federalist party.
40
Rush Bagot Amendment
Between the US and Britain; this created the longest fortified boundary between US and Canada.
41
2nd Bank of the US
1826: Madison of the D-R party went against part beliefs and supported its creation. It quickly established branches throughout the union.
42
Tariff of 1816
After the war, British competitors dumped their goods into America at cheap prices. The first tariff in US history designed for protection. It put 20-25% tariff on dutiable imports.
43
Henry Clay
1824 established the American System
44
The American System
Began a system with a strong baking system. It advocated a protective tariff behind which manufacturing would flourish. It included a network of roads and canals funded by the tariff to get material from the South and West to the North and East. Lack of efficient transportation was a problem of the War of 1812.
45
The National Road
The Cumberland Road: Begun in 1811 and ran from western Maryland to Illinois.
46
Erie Canal
1817-1825: Built in NY for trade.
47
Election of 1816 - Era of Good Feelings
James Monroe defeated his Federalist opponent, Rufus King. He ushered in a period of one party rule or the "Era of Good Feelings".
48
Panic of 1819
Over-speculation of land prices caused deflation, depression, bankruptcies, bank failures, unemployment and overcrowded debtors prisons. The Bank of the US was soon blamed and it fell heavily into debt.
49
Ohio/Alabama Fever
Explosive expansion of the Indian menace and the need for lang by tobacco farmers who exhausted their lands.
50
Land Act of 1820
Gave the West its wish by authorizing a buyer to purchase 80 acres of land at a minimum of $1.25 an acre in cash; the west then got cheap transportation.
51
Wildcat Banks
Banks that bought land they thought would cost more later; greatly affected by the Panic of 1819.
52
Tallmadge Amendment
Missouri was the first state in the Louisiana Purchase and it wanted to be a slave state but there was a balance between slave and non-slave states at the time. Stated that no more slaves be brought into Missouri and that children born to slave parents be gradually emancipated. This was shot down in the senate.
53
Missouri Compromise
Henry Clay created this. It stated that Missouri would be admitted as a slave state while Maine would be admitted as a free state thus maintaining the balance.
54
McCulloch v. Maryland
1819: Maryland tried to destroy the Bank of the US by taxing its currency notes. Marshall invoked the Hamiltonian principle of implied powers and denied Maryland's right to tax the banks and gave doctrine to the elastic clause as its basis. It strengthened the federal government.
55
Cohens v. Virginia
1821: The Cohens had been found guilty by Virginia courts of illegally selling lottery tickets but appealed to the Supreme Court and lost. Marshall asserted the right of the Supreme Court to review the decisions of the state supreme courts in all questions involving powers of the federal government.
56
Gibbons v. Ogden
1824: When NY tried to grant a monopoly of waterborne commerce, Marshall struck down by saying only Congress can control interstate commerce, not the states.
57
Fletcher v. Peck
1810: After GA fraudulently granted 35 million acres in the Yazoo River country to privateers, the legislature repealed it after public outcry. Marshall ruled that it was a contract and states couldn't impair a contract.
58
Dartmouth College v. Woodward
1819: Dartmouth had been granted a charter by King George III, but New Hampshire tried to change it. Dartmouth appealed using an alumni as a lawyer, Marshall ruled that the original charter must stand. It was a contract and the constitution protected those and overrule state rulings.
59
British American Convention
1818: Gave America fishing rights in Newfoundland, fixed boundaries between Canada and opened the Oregon territory.
60
Adams-Onis Treaty
1819: Spain ceded Florida and shadowy claims to Oregon in exchange for Texas. The US paid $5 Million for Florida.
61
The Monroe Doctrine
1823: (aimed at Russia) Monroe stated that no colonization in the Americas could happen anymore and that European nations could not intervene in Latin American affairs. This was a response to the British foreign secretary approaching the American minister proposing the US should combine and renounce interest in Latin America and keep out of their policies.
62
Russo-American Treaty
1824: This treaty between Russia and america set the southern borders of Russian holdings in america at the line of 54 degrees- 40', the southern tip of Alaska.
63
Democratization of Politics
After the era of good feelings, the big winner of the transformation was the common man.
64
White Male Suffrage
The common white man as the universal idea that all white men could vote became the norm.
65
Election of 1824
Andrew Jackson, William H. Crawford, John Q. Adams, and Henry Clay were all candidates and identified as Republican. Jackson got the popular vote but did not get a majority then the three top electoral vote winners (Clay was 4th) were voted upon by the House. Clay was speaker of the House and he threw his support behind Adams. Adams won.
66
Favorite Sons
Andrew Jackson (Tennessee), William H. Crawford (Georgia) and John Q. Adams (Massachusetts) were the favorite sons of their respective regions. Clay was a national figure.
67
The Corrupt Bargain
When John Q. Adams became president he appointed Clay Secretary of State. Clay supported Adams in the House vote for president. Also, Andrew Jackson won the popular vote.
68
Democratic Party
Andrew Jackson's party; they supported universal white male suffrage and the common man.
69
National Republican Party
Henry Clay, John Q. Adams, and Daniel Webster all opposed to Andrew Jackson. They supported re-chartering the National Bank, high tariffs and internal improvements at national expense. They joined with the whigs later on.
70
Adam's Legislative Plans
He urged congress on the construction of roads and canals, proposed a national university, and advocated support for an astronomical observatory. The public thought this was a waste. He tried to curb over-speculation.
71
"Tariff of Abomination"
1824: Congress increased the general tariff from 23% to 37%. Wool manufacturers still wanted higher tariffs.
1828: Jackson increased the tariff to 45% while imposing heavy tariffs on wool so that everyone would vote down the bill and give Adams a black eye.
72
Election of 1828
John Q. Adams was a National Republican Party person and Andrew jackson was for the Democratic Republican Party. Adams was propertied and a New Englander while Jackson appealed to the Common Man.
73
Jacksonian Democracy
The idea of spreading political power to the people and supporting the "common man".
74
Spoils System / Patronage
The spoils system rewarded supporters with good positions in office. Jackson believed in this and created more positions.
75
"Kitchen Cabinet"
Jackson called his cabinet this because they were all good friends of his and were awarded the jobs based on the spoils system.
76
Denmark Vesey Rebellion
A free black named Denmark Vesey lead a slave rebellion in the south. This raised fears by Southern whites and led to a tightening of control over slaves. The south mostly complained because it was not expanding and the cotton prices were falling.
77
John C. Calhoun
Wrote the "South Carolina Exposition" denouncing the recent tariff and calling for nullification of the tariff by all states.
78
South Carolina Exposition and Protest
(AKA Doctrine of Nullification) Similar to VA and KY resolutions. This was written by John C. Calhoun and called for a nullification of the tariff by all states.
79
Webster-Hayne Debate
Famous debate between Senator Webster of Mass. and Senator Wayne of SC about the issue of states rights versus national power. Webster said that Hayne was a challenge to the integrity of the Union. Hayne responded with a defense of the theory of nullification.
80
The Nullification Crisis
SC threatened to nullify the Tariff of Abomination and Andrew Jackson who was elected two weeks earlier was expected to sympathize with the south.
81
The Force Bill
Authorized the president to use the army and navy if necessary to collect tariffs.
82
The Compromise Tariff
Henry Clay proposed this bill to prevent Jackson from crushing SC. This would gradually reduce the Tariff of 1832 by about 10% over a period of 8 years until it's down to 20-25%.
83
Assimilation Policies
Many people tried to assimilate Native Americans into society and tried to Christianize them.
84
Five Civilized Tribes
The Cherokees, Creeks, Choctaws, Chickasaws and Seminoles.
85
Cherokee Nation v. Georgia
1828: Congress declared the Cherokee tribal council illegal and asserted its own jurisdiction over indian lands and affairs, then Cherokees appealed and won in the Supreme Court but Jackson refused to recognize the decision.
86
Worcester v Georgia
1832: The court invalidated a Georgia law that attempted to regulate access by U.S. citizens to Cherokee country. Marshall claimed federal government could do that because the tribes were sovereign entities.
87
Indian Removal Act
1830: Jackson declared Indians should be moved west of the Mississippi to Oklahoma.
88
Bureau of Indian Affairs
Established in 1836 to deal with Indians.
89
Black Hawk War
1832: The Sauk and Fox tribes lead by Black Hawk revolted and then were crushed.
90
The Seminole Wars
1835-1842: The Seminoles waged guerrilla warfare against the US. 1500 dead soldiers resulted. They were broken after their leader Osceola was seized and some fled into Florida but others moved to Oklahoma.
91
Trail of Tears
Thousands of Indians died on this trail after being uprooted from their sacred lands that had been theirs for centuries as a result of the Indian Removal Act.
92
Jackson's War on the 2nd Bank of the US
To Jackson the bank was a tool of the rich to get richer. The BUS minted coin money but not paper money which farmers wanted. Henry Clay rammed a bill for re-chartering the BUS to make Jackson less popular. It passed easily through Congress but Jackson demolished it in a veto that condemned the BUS as unconstitutional.
93
Nicholas Bidle
Led the BUS; it was harsh on the volatile western "wildcat" banks that churned out unstable money and too lenient credit for land. It was autocratic during the New Democracy Era. During the
94
Election of 1832
Jackson of the Democratic Party ran again against Clay of the National Republican Party. Clay had the money and the support of the press but the poor people voted too so Jackson won handily.
95
Roget Taney
Chief Justice for the Dred Scott Case.
96
Pet Banks
The BUS left a cycle of boom and bust surplus federal funds placed in these states.
97
Bank Crisis
Hoping to kill the BUS, Jackson began to draw federal funds from the bank and drained it out of wealth. In reaction, Bidle began to call for unnecessary loans to illustrate the importance of the bank by creating a minor financial crisis. Jackson won and the BUS breathed its last breath, causing the West to fall to hard times and flooding the US with paper money.
98
Specie Circular
Jackson ordered this which stated all public lands should be purchased with metallic money.
99
Whig Party
A party united by the dislike of Jackson. They supported Henry Clay's American System and internal improvements. Once formed America would have at least two major political parties from now on.
100
Election of 1836
Martin van Buren ran with the democratic party since Andrew Jackson was too old to run. The whigs suffered from disorganization and tried to offer a favorite son candidate from each region so no one would win the majority of electoral college votes and the house could decide. This failed and Martin van Buren won.
101
Panic of 1837
Caused by wildcat banks, the bank war, failure of wheat crops due to the Hessian Fly, the failure of two large British Banks, and the specie circular caused hundreds of banks to fall. The whigs proposed expansion of bank credit, higher tariffs, and subsidies for internal improvements by Van Buren spurned such ideas (he was prone to Jeffersonian ideals).
102
Independent Treasury Bill
Construction of government owned vaults where federal revenues could be stored until needed. All payments to the government were to be made in hard cash.
103
The "Log Cabin" Campaign
Harrison's campaign was focused on his image as a poor man's president.
104
The Ressurgence of the Two Party System
The Democrats and The Whigs
105
Election of 1840
Van Buren ran for the Democrats against William Harrison and his running mate John Tyler for the Whigs.
106
Irish Immigrants
Irish immigrants entered the US because of the Irish potato famine. They came to cities like Boston and NY. They were illiterate and hated by protestants because they're catholic. (NINA: No Irish Need Apply)
107
German Immigrants
Due to crop failures and revolution/war of 1848 one million Germans poured in. They had more money than the Irish so they bought land in the West. Their voted were crucial so they were wooed by US politicians. They urged public education and were enemies of slavery. They faced resentment because they clung to their old ways.
108
Nativism
Nativist are older Americans who were prejudiced against new comers in jobs, politics and religion.
109
Know Nothing Party
Nativists that Catholicism challenged Protestantism so they formed the Order of Star-Spangled Banner. They fought for restrictions on immigration, naturalization and deportation of alien paupers.
110
Samuel Slater
"Father of the Factory System"; learned of textile machinery when working in British factory. He was aided by Moses Brown and built first cotton thread spinner in the US.
111
Eli Whitney and King Cotton
Built the cotton gin. Cotton economics were profitable and saved the South with King Cotton. The South flourished and expanded westward. Human bondage was dying before the cotton gin.
112
Factory System
Interchangeable parts in an assembly line.
113
Interchangeable Parts
Eli Whitney introduced interchangeable parts on a musket.
114
Elia Howe & Isaac Singer
Made the sewing machine which was the foundation for the textile industry.
115
Samuel Morse
Created the telegraph and connected the business world.
116
Labor Tensions
Hours were long, wages low, conditions safe and unhealthy and no unions existed to address these issue. Child Labor was heavy and strikes were ineffective because the companies could get more workers (the hated immigrants).
117
Trade Unions
Formed in the 1830s and were hit by the Panic of 1837.
118
Commonwealth v. Hunt
Massachusetts Supreme Court legalized unions for peaceful and honorable protests. The effectiveness was small because more immigrants could always be brought in.
119
Lowell System
A model textile mill employed young single women under watchful eyes.
120
Working Women
Opportunities for women were rare and they mainly worked in nursing, domestic service and teaching.
121
"Cult of Domesticity"
A widespread cultural creed that glorified homemaker functions.
122
Doctrine of Separate Spheres
Men and women held separate spheres and the women's sphere was changing during this time. The home became a refuge from work, which changed womens' roles.
123
Domestic Feminism
As women gained economic and moral power marriages due to love increased and this became a crude form of birth control.
124
John Deere
Invented the steel plow that cut through hard soil and could be pulled by horses.
125
Cyrus McCormick
Invented the mechanical mower-reaper to harvest grain.
126
Railroad Transportation
This was needed for raw material transportation. This increased US trade because there was no concern for weather and water current. Clinton's Big Ditch was created. railroads were first opposed because financiers didn't want to lose money on the Eerie Canal and the railroads caused fires.
127
The Market Revolution
The transformation of farms to networks of industry and commerce.
128
Charles River Bridge v. Warren Bridge
River Bridge sued owners of Warren bridge for unconstitutionally violating their contract. The verdict is tat the rights of community outweigh corporate rights. This opened entrepreneurial channels and caused greater competition.
129
Unitarian Church
Believed that God existed in only one person not in the orthodox trinity. It stressed the goodness of human nature. They believed in salvation through good works and freedom . They appeled to intellectuals with rationalism and optimism.
130
Second Great Awakening
Liberalism in religion started in 1800 and spawned a tidal wave of spiritual fervor that resulted in prison reform, church reform, temperance movement, women's rights movement and abolition of slavery. \
131
Frontier Revivals
The Second Great Awakening spread through large camp meetings through frenzies of dance.
132
Charles G. Finney
The greatest revival preachers who led massive revivals in NY. He denounced alcohol and slavery, as well as sinners in full view.
133
Burned Over District
Puritan's preached hell fire and was known as this.
134
Joseph Smith
1830: Claimed to have found golden tablets in NY with the Book of Mormon inscribed on them. He came up with the Mormon faith which was antagonized due to their polygamy, militia and voting as a unit.
135
Brigham Young
Seceded Joseph Smith who led followers to Utah. Utah became a theocracy and a cooperative commonwealth. They quickly grew by birth and survived the deserts with ingenuous methods of irrigation.
136
Public School Reform
The idea of tax-supported, compulsory primary schools were opposed as a hand-out to paupers. Gradually support rose because uneducated brats might grow up to be rabbles with voting rights.
137
Horace Mann
"Father of Public Education"; fought for better schools and school was too expensive for many communities
138
McGuffrey's Readers
Nearly every child read from this; had a lesson in English as well as moral and patriotic lessons.
139
Emma Willard
Established Troy Female Seminary and Mount Holyoke Seminary which accepted women.
140
Oberlin College and Mount Holyoke Seminary
Accepted women while most thought women would be too corrupted if they did so.
141
Lyceaum
Platform for speakers in areas such as science, lit, moral, and philosophy.
142
Prison Reform
The fought for no imprisonment for debt and reformers wanted criminal codes softened and reformatories created.
143
Asylum Reform and Dorothea Dix
The mentally insane were treated badly so Dorothea Dix fought for reform of the mentally insane in the classic petition of 1843.
144
American Temperance Union
Formed in 1826 and made pamphlets and anti-alcohol novels were published. The attack on the drink stressed temperance and legislature removed temptation. They sponsored the Main Law of 1851.
145
Maine Law of 1851
Prohibited making and sale of liquor.
146
Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Lucretia Mott, Susan B. Anthony and Dr. Elizabeth Blackwell
Led the women's movement .
147
Lucy Stone
A woman who maintained her maiden name after marriage.
148
Amelia Cloomer
She tried to revolutionize women's clothing by adding trousers under slightly shorter skirts.
149
Seneca Falls Convention
1848: Held in NY, it was a major landmark in women's rights
150
Declaration of Sentiments
Written in the spirit of the Declaration of Independence saying all men and women are created equal.
151
Brook Farm
A Utopian Community of intellectuals that committed to transcendentalism.
152
Oneida Community
A Utopian Community that practiced free love, birth control, eugenic selection of parents to produce superior offspring; it survived as a capitalistic venture selling baskets and cutlery.
153
The Shakers
A Utopian Community that couldn't marry so they became extinct.
154
Medical Care in the Jacksonian Era
Medicine in the US was primitive and bleeding was used for cure, smallpox, yellow fever although it killed many. Life expectancy was surprisingly low and self-prescribed patent medicines were common they were mostly alcohol and harmful.
155
The Hudson River School
Change from romanticism to romantic mirroring of local landscapes; this school excelled at this.
