Unit #4 Flashcards
(165 cards)
1
Q
“Cotton is King”
A
The cotton business was revitalized due to Eli Whitney’s cotton gin. The South produced more than half the world ‘s supply of cotton in 1790s.
2
Q
Planter Aristocracy
A
In 1850, about 2 thousand families owned over 100 slaves and owned huge plantations. The aristocrats widened the gap between the rich and poor.
3
Q
Economic Negatives of Slavery
A
Cotton production spoiled the Earth. The economic structure was monopolistic and there was a temptation to over speculate in land and in slaves. A one-crop economy emerged and northerners resented the south for getting rich at their expense.
4
Q
Southern Social Structure
A
The aristocracy of large, white plantation owners is at the top. They are followed by whites that owned one or two slaves. Beneath them, are the whites who did not own slaves. Mountain whites who hated the slave system were at the same level. Followed by slaves.
5
Q
Free Blacks in the North
A
In the upper South, the Blacks were descended from freed from emancipation in the Revolutionary War. In the deep South, the blacks were mulattos freed when their masters died.
6
Q
Free Blacks in the South
A
In the North, Blacks were unpopular and several states denied their entrance and many denied their right to vote. Northern Blacks were hated by those with whom they competed for jobs. The Anti-black feeling was stronger in the North where people liked the race but no the individual.
7
Q
Plantation Slavery
A
In the South, the slaves accounted for majorities. Slavery meant hard work, no political or civil rights, and whipping as punishment. Laws that protected slaves were hard to enforce. Most African Americans were raised in a stable and were forced to separate from spouses.
8
Q
Internal Slave Trade
A
Slave importation was banned in 1808, but slaves were still smuggled. The slave increase, however, was mostly due to their natural reproduction. Slaves were not supposed to be bred but women who birthed many children were prized and promised freedom after 10 slaves.
9
Q
Slave Life: Families
A
Families were forced to separate often, still most families were two-parent households. Family identity was preserved by naming children for grandparents and adoption. In addition, Africans avoided marriage of first cousins (unlike whites).
10
Q
Slave Life: Religion
A
They mixed the Christian religion with their own native religion. They sand hymns as signals and codes for news of freedom.
11
Q
Slave Resistance
A
They worked as slowly as possible without getting lashed. They stole food and sabotaged expensive equipment. Occasionally they poisoned their masters’ food. Rebellions were never successful, they just scared the whites.
12
Q
American Colonization Society
A
It was founded for the purpose of transporting blacks back to Africa. Most blacks didn’t want to go back after being americanized. By 1860, most were not Africans but native born African-Americans.
13
Q
Theodore Weld
A
Inflamed against slavery.
14
Q
William Lloyd Garrison
A
Published the first edition of the The Liberator which triggered the war of words and in a sense launched the Civil War. He stated that under no circumstances would slavery we tolerated.
15
Q
American Anti-Slavery Society
A
An abolitionist society founded by William Lloyd Garrison and Arthur Tappan. Frederick Douglas often spoke here.
16
Q
The Grimke Sisters
A
abolitionists, feminists, and spoke about the cruelties they’ve seen in slavery
17
Q
David Walker
A
A Black abolitionist, he wrote Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World and advocated an end to white supremacy.
18
Q
Sojourner Truth
A
A freed black woman who fought for black emancipation and womens’ rights.
19
Q
Southern Defense of Slavery
A
The souther slavery supporters argued that masters taught their slaves religion, made them civilized, treated the well and gave them happy lives.
20
Q
George Fitzugh
A
Argued that black slaves needed the protection of slavery because they were like children.
21
Q
Frederick Law Olmstead
A
A black abolitionist and escaped black who was a great speaker and fought for the black cause despite being beaten and harassed.
22
Q
John Tyler
A
“His Accidency” came into power because Harrison died four days into the presidency. He ran with the Whig party but did not believe in their causes; pro-bank, pro-protective tariffs, and pro-internal improvements. He was really more of a democrat and he did not like to pass tariffs and refused to pass a new bill for the BUS.
23
Q
Webster-Ashburton Treaty
A
Skirmishes between the US and Britain on the border of Maine resulted in this treaty. It gave Britain a route for a road and gave the US more land in Maine.
24
Q
Manifest Destiny
A
Concept that stated the US was destined to expand across the continent and get as must land as possible.
25
John O'Sullivan
Democratic editor that coined the term "Manifest Destiny". He justified American claims to new territory.
26
Stephen Austin
Obtained a grant to move into the Mexican territories (present day Texas). His father was given thousands of acres of land with the permission to bring 300 families with him. By mid-1830s, there were 30,000 Americans on the land.
27
Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna
Supported as a presidential candidate in 1833 by American born Texans. They believed he would support statehood, but when he was elected he eliminated states' rights.
28
Texas War for Independence
Texans revolted against Antonio Lopez when he eliminated states' rights. The revolutionaries made their own constitution and declared independence in 1836.
29
The Alamo
After Texans declared independence the Mexican army raised 6,000 troops to meet Colonel Travis at the Alamo and the entire Texan garrison was annihilated.
30
The Goliad Massacre
Santa Anna ordered the slaughter of 300 Texan troops that surrendered.
31
Battle of San Jacinto
General Houston with about 900 men surprised Mexicans near the Jacinto river. They had rallying cries and spirit and eventually overwhelmed the army.
32
Lone Star Republic
Texas had declared independence and built up reinforcements against Mexico. It also made treaties with France, Holland and Belgium.
33
Texas Annexation Debate
Since Texas had made alliances, any follow through on the part of the European nations would result in undermining the monroe doctrine. Also, the North didn't want another slave state and annexing Texas without a war with Mexico was impossible. However, Texas had natural resources (cotton).
34
"Conspiracy of the Slavocracy"
The North believed the South always wanted to get more slave land.
35
Oregon Trail
Russia, Spain, England and now the US had claims in Oregon. England had good claims because it was populated by the British. Americans had good claims south of the Columbia River because it was populated by more Americans. Pioneers began to come there through the Oregon trail.
36
Election of 1844
Henry Clay ran for the Whigs and James K. Polk ran for the Democrats. Polk had a lot more experience in politics and was sponsored by Andrew Jackson. Clay lost the election due to flip-flopping on the issue of Texas.
37
54 degrees 40 or flight
England and US had been bargaining for Oregon and the US wanted this cut off line.
38
James K. Polk
He had a 4-point mission. He wanted to lower the tariff, restore the independent treasury, clear up the Oregon border issue an get California. Under Polk the Oregon border was settled.
39
Liberty Party
The first anti-slavery party grown out of those who didn't agree with William Lloyd Garrison radical program. They took voted from Clay in 1844.
40
Texas Annexation
After Texas annexation, Mexico defaulted on $3 million owed to the US. Then Texas claimed its southern boundary to be the Rio Grande and not the Nueces River. Mexicans simply believed that this was a small revolt and Texas was still theirs.
41
Oregon Territory
The issue was intense between England and the US until England realized more Americans lived in the territory. The US got claims at the 49th parallel. The US got the better end of the deal and more land.
42
Walker Tariff
1846: The tariff was lowered from 32% to 25% despite complaints from industrialists. It was followed by good times.
43
The Slidell Mission
US send John Sidell as an envoy to Mexico City with the instruction to buy California for $25 million. However, this mission failed and Mexico snubbed him.
44
Nueces River and the RioGrande
Texas claimed their southern border was Rio Grande and not the Nueces River. Polk sent troops to march from the River down the Rio Grande after the Slidell Mission. News of Mexican troops crossing the Rio Grande and killing Americans spread right after. An urge for declaration of war followed.
45
Spot resolutions
A group of politicians including Abraham Lincoln who wanted to know exactly where the spot of fighting (at Rio Grande) as before declaring war.
46
Stephen Kearney
Led US operations in the Southwest (because Santa Anna lied about exchanging his return to Mexico with California); 1700 troops from Leavenworth to Santa Fe. This was successful!
47
John C. Fremont & The Bear Flag Revolt
Led US operations in the Southwest (because Santa Anna lied about exchanging his return to Mexico with California) ; leader of the Bear Flag Revolt in California. This was successful!
48
Mexican-American War
Polk pushed the congress to declared due to the incident at the Rio Grande where Mexican forces allegedly crossed onto Texan land and slaughtered soldiers.
49
Zachary Taylor & The Battle of Buena Vista
A general who fought into Mexico, reaching Buena Vista, and repelled 20,000 Mexicans with only 5,000 men earning hero status.
50
Winfield Scott
A General that lead American troops in Mexico City. Mexico City was vital to Mexico.
51
Vera Cruz
Winfield Scott lead a 20-day siege of a key seaport. It began with an amphibious attack then the US marched to Mexico City. US victory.
52
Nicholas Trist
Envoy sent by Polk to negotiate an armistice with Mexico at the cost of $10,000. Santa Anna took the bribe and used it for defenses.
53
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
1848: Gave America all Mexican territory from Texas to California that was north of the Rio Grande. US payed $15 million for it. The debts between Mexico and the US were absolved as well/.
54
Mexican Cession
Territory from Texas to California that was north of the Rio Grande. The Whigs wanted an end to the war but some wanted all of Mexico (leaders of the South). We payed $15 million for it.
55
Wilmot Proviso
Stated that slavery should never exist in any of the Mexican Cession territories that would be taken from Mexico. This passed twice through the House but never through the Senate (where Northerners outnumbered Southerners) so it was not passed.
56
Election of 1848
The Democrats nominated General Lewis Cass, a war veteran. Whigs nominated General Zachary Taylor another war veteran. Neither party talked about the slavery issue, but Taylor won narrowly. The Free Soil Party was also in the running.
57
Lewis Cass & Popular Sovereignty
He as a diplomat of wide experience. He originated the popular sovereignty. This idea was the idea that issues should be decided upon by the people.
58
Free Soil Party
A party committed against the extension of slavery in the territories and also advocated federal aid for internal improvements and urged free government homesteads for settlers.
59
The Gold Rush
1848: gold was found in California and thousands flooded it. It blew the lid off the slavery issue. As a result, California drafted a constitution.
60
Nashville Convention
Meeting of representatives of nine southern states to monitor the Compromise of 1850. This laid groundwork for the Southern Confederacy.
61
"Fire-Eaters"
Those in the south that threatened succession over the admission of California as a free state. (Around 1850)
62
CA Admission Debate
California wanted to enter the US as a free state, but Southerners feared this would create a precedent. Finally, as a result of the underground railroad, the south demanded a fugitive slave law in exchange for CA.
63
"Seventh of March" Speech
Northerner Daniel Webster proclaimed that the new land in CA could not hold slaves anyway, since it couldn't cultivate cotton. This speech helped move the North into compromise but he was also branded a traitor of the North for ignoring the slavery issue.
64
William Seward & The Higher Law
Seward was part of the "Young Guard" which was a group that was more interested in purifying the union than patching it up. He was against concession and hate slavery. He stated the Christian legislators should live by a "higher law" and not let slavery exist. He did not want to compromise.
65
Stephen Douglas
He helped to get the Compromise of 1850 passed. Clay couldn't get people to compromise but Douglas got the compromise passed by splitting the bill up. He also participated in the Lincoln-Douglas debates where he argued for popular-sovereignty. Lincoln fought for an end to spreading slavery and set himself up for the Election of 1860.
66
Milard Fillmore
Took over the presidency in 1850, when Zachary Taylor died of an acute intestinal disorder.
67
Fugitive Slave Law of 1850
Stated that feeling slaves couldn't testify for themselves; the federal commissioner would get more if the slave was captured enslaved than freed; and people ordered to help catch slaves even if they didn't want to.
68
Personal Liberty Laws
Laws passed by Northern states forbidding the imprisonment of escaped slaves.
69
Anthony Burns
Virginian born slave that grew up to be a preacher. He had been free for several until the passing of the Fugitive Slave Act. In a highly publicized trial he was convicted of being a slave. Then, his freedom was bought by sympathizers in Boston.
70
Uncle Tom's Cabin
A novel that revealed horrors of slavery by Harriet Beecher Stowe. The North was horrified and the South dismissed it as false, it lead to the Civil War.
71
Election of 1852
Democrats chose Franklin Pierce who was unknown and enemy-less. The Whigs nominated Winfield Scott, a war veteran of the M-A war. Both parties bragged about the Compromise of 1850 but Democrats did more and the Whigs were split. Pierce won. The death of the Whigs ended national political political arguments and the rise to sectional political alignments.
72
Franklin Pierce
1852 Presidential winner. He tried to be like Polk but his cabinet was filed with Southerners and so he was prepared to be the South's tool.
73
The American Party
In 1856 the party collapsed due to the split on the issue of slavery.
74
William Walker
1856: This American adventurer grabbed control in Nicaragua and proclaimed himself president. He legalized slavery then a coalition of Latin American countries overthrew him. Fueled the slavocracy theory.
75
Filibustering Expeditions
Unauthorized military expeditions into a foreign country to create or support a revolution.
76
Ostend Manifesto
America wanted Cuba so US foreign ministered met in Belgium and declared that the US was to offer $120 million to Spain for Cuba and and if it refused then America would be justified in seizing the land.
77
Gasden Purchase
For $10 million James Gadsden, minister to Mexico, arranged to buy a land that went through Mexico and created a route for a transcontinental railroad through the south. This was the best route because it would skirt the rocky mountains and the land was organized so Indian attacks could be repelled.
78
Kansas-Nebraska Act
Created by Senator Stephen Douglas; it stated that slavery in Kansas and Nebraska should be decided upon by popular sovereignty. It repealed the Missouri Compromise and was a concession to the south for giving up the railroad (Gasden).
79
Republican Party
Party created with a platform against slavery. This included whigs, democrats, free-soilers and know-nothings because they didn't like the Kansas-Nebraska act. A sectional, abolitionist, political party.
80
Bleeding Kansas
Brutal violence erupted in Kansas as a result of the popular sovereignty decision. Abolitionists and pro-salveryites fought constantly.
81
New England Immigrant Society
1854: This was created to pay abolitionist settlers to go into Kansas, so when the state voted on whether or not to allow slavery the vote would be on the antislave side.
82
Border Ruffians
Pro-salvery southerners that lived on the border of Kansas and Missouri. They flooded Kansas' polls and elected Kansas to be a slave state. This caused two governments to pop up one illegal and free and the other fraudulent.
83
"Beecher's Bibles"
Rifles Henry Beecher bought for those who were willing to oppose slavery in Kansas and Nebraska.
84
The Sack of Lawrence
1856: A group of pro-slavery raiders shot up and burned Lawrence, starting violence as a result of the slave-state decision for Kansas.
85
John Brown & The Pottawatomie Massacre
This crazy man led a band of followers to Pottawatomie creek and hacked five presumable pro-slaveryites to death.
86
The Lecompton Constitution
Kansas in 1857 had enough people to apply for statehood so the pro-slavery people devised this constitution that provided that people were only allowed to cote for the constitution with or without slavery. Free-soilers boycotted and Kansas approved the constitution with slavery.
87
Sumner/Brooks Incident
Senator Charles Sumner was a vocal abolitionist and his speeches condemned slavery supporters. Congressman Preston Brooks decided to beat Sumner with a cane until it broke and the Senators just watched.
88
Election of 1856
The Democrats chose James Buchanan because he was untainted by the Kansas-Nebraska Act and had experience. The Republicans nominated John C. Freemont, a fighter in the M-A war. The American Party nominated Millard Fillmore. The campaign was full of mudslinging and Buchanan won because Fremont's judgement was questioned.
89
Dred Scott v. Sanford
Dred Scott was a slave whose master died while they were up north so he claimed he was free because he was in free territory. The Missouri Supreme Court agreed by then The US Supreme Court overruled. This signified that a slave was property, a slave was not free no matter which territory they were in, and that outlawing slavery would go against the taking personal property amendment.
90
Panic of 1857
Caused by California gold inflation, over-growth of gran, and over-speculation of land and railroads. The North was hard hit but the South rode it out due to cotton.
91
Abraham Lincoln
1858: Challanged Senator Stephen Douglas when his term expired for his seat for Illinois. Abe had risen up slowly in the political ladder and was a good lawyer.
92
Lincoln-Douglas Debates
A series of 7 debated where Lincoln held his own on the issues such as the Dred-Scott decision. It set Lincoln up (despite the fact that he lost) because the South didn't like Douglas' freeport doctrine.
93
Freeport Doctrine
Senator Stephen Douglas stated that no matter how the Supreme Court ruled, slavery would stay down if the people voted it down since power was held by the people.
94
John Brown and Harper's Ferry
Brown had a plan to invade the South and seize its arms then call upon the slaves to rise up and revolt and free the South. During his raid of Harper's Ferry he was captured by the Marines and, after his trail, convicted and hanged.
95
Election of 1860
The Democrats were split and the Northern Democrats nominated Stephen Douglas while the Southern Democrats nominate John C. Breckinridge. The Republican candidate of Lincoln was hated by the South and not even placed on their ballots. He had support from all the large non-southern groups so he won and the South had threatened succession if he did.
96
Secession
SC threatened to succeed if Lincoln was President and in December, 1860 it did. Alabama, Mississippi, Florida, GA, Louisiana and Texas followed suit.
97
Crittenden Compromise
In a last minute attempt to stop succession, James Henry Crittenden of Kentucky proposed this compromise which would ban slavery north of the 36 degrees 30 line extended to the pacific.
98
Confederate States of America & Jefferson Davis
The seven succession states created this government and chose Jefferson Davis as president. President Buchanan did nothing to address the issue, he left it for Lincoln.
99
Lincoln's First Inauguration
1861: Lincoln stated that there would be no conflict unless the South provoked it. He stated geographically the US could not be spit and that it brought up questions of sharing the national debt etc.. He also mentioned that a split US pleased European countries and proved the Democracy to be a failure.
100
Fort Sumter
One of two forts in the south that did not relinquish to the Confederacy. It's supplies were running out and so Lincoln chose to send supplies to the fort. He told SC hat the ship to the fort only held provisions not reinforcements. Then, cannons were fired to the fort. Northerners were inflamed and many volunteers for the war streamed in.
101
Border States
Missouri, Kentucky and Maryland were crucial for both sides and would have doubled the manufacturing capacity of the south. They were slave-states and have not seceded. Lincoln maintained them by saying the war was to save the union and not free slaves.
102
ex parte Merryman
1861: Chief Justice Taney ruled that Lincoln had exceeded his authority in suspending the writ habeas corpus in Maryland. Lincoln ignored Taney's ruling, argued that the constitution allowed this suspension in a time of rebellion.
103
Advantages and Disadvantages of the Union
The North had a huge economy and more men available to fight. They controlled the sea. They did not have the best officers and had to fight offensively.
104
Advantages and Disadvantages of The Confederacy
It only had to fight defensively to win. It had the most talented officers such as Robert E. Lee and Stonewall Jackson. However, it was handicapped by a shortage of factories and manufacturing plants.
105
Failure of Cotton Diplomacy
Since pre-war cotton production had ben immense, England and France had huge surpluses. India and Egypt began to up their cotton production. Also, as a result of Uncle Tom's Cabin the European countries were pro-North and anti-slavery.
106
The Trent Affair
1861: The British mail steamer was stopped by a Union warship. The warship removed two confederate diplomats bund for Europe. Britain was outraged then, Lincoln released the Prisoners.
107
The Alabama
British-built sea vessels that went to the Confederacy were a problem. The Alabama escaped to the Portuguese Azores, took on weapon and crew from Britain, but never sailed into a Confederate base, helping the South.
108
Lincoln and Civil Liberties
He limited civil liberties by illegally proclaiming a blockade, proclaiming acts without congressional consent and sending troops to border states. He justified these actions because they were temporary. He gave money to private citizens for war purposes, suspended habeas corpus so that ant-unionists could be arrested without a formal charge and the intimidation of voters in Border states.
109
Confederate Conscription Act
The South had to resort to a draft nearly a year before the North and it also had privileges for the rich because those who oversaw over 20 slaves were exempt from the draft.
110
Union Enrollment Act
In the beginning, there were many volunteers (90% of the army) but after the initial enthusiasm slacked they passed a conscription law. The army offered money in term for service.
111
New York City Draft Riots
The Union Enrollment Act angered the poor because rich men could hire a substitute instead of fighting. As a result, many riots broke out.
112
Financing the War
The North passed tariffs and issued greenback paper money. The federal Treasury sold bonds. In the South, runaway inflation plagued the confederates.
113
Morrill Tariff Act
The North increased tariff rates by 5 to 10% but the war soon drove the rates higher.
114
Legal Tender Act
1862: The Washington Treasury issued greenback paper money totaling $450 million and this money war very unstable and sank to 39 cents per gold dollar.
115
National Banking System
Created the National Banking System which established a standard bank-note currency and banks that joined the system could by government bonds and issue sound paper money.
116
Confederate Inflation
Inflation went up to 9000% as opposed to just 80% in the North.
117
Economic Impact in the North
The North emerged from the Civil War more prosperous. New factories had been formed and a millionaire class was created. Union supplies used shoddy supplies. Sizes for clothes were invented and the reaper helped feed millions, Women gained advances such as taking jobs left by men and petroleum oil was discovered in Pennsylvania.
118
Homestead Act of 1862
Permitted any citizen or prospective citizen to claim 160 acres of public land and to purchase it for a small fee after living on it for five years.
119
Morrill Land Grant Act of 1862
Transferred substantial public acreage to the state governments, which were to sell the land and use the proceeds to finance public education. This act led to many land-grant institutions
120
Pacific Railroad Act
An act to aid the construction of a railroad and telegraph line from the Missouri river to the Pacific ocean, and to secure to the government the use of the same for postal, military, and other purposes.
121
United States Sanitary Commission
Elizabeth Blackwell aided the union war effort by training women to be nurses, collecting medical supplies, and equipping hospitals. It aided the Women's Movement later on.
122
American Red Cross
Clara Barton was the president of the first branch; it helped nurses tend to wounded soldiers.
123
Anaconda Plan
Winfield Scott's Union strategy to blockade, divide and conquer. The plant was to suffocate the South through an oceanic blockade, free slaves to undermine the economy, cut the Confederacy in half by controlling the Mississippi river, chop the confederacy to pieces, and capture its capital Richmond, VA.
124
First Bull Run/Manassas
July 1861: Ill-trained Yankee recruits to engage a smaller confederate unit. They expected on battle but Stonewall Jackson's line sent the Union into disarray and showed the North that this war wouldn't be short or easy.
125
George McDowell
Union general that lead Union troops at the First Battle of Bull Run. Afterwards, he was replaced by George McClellan.
126
Thomas Jackson
Confederate general called "Stonewall"; he stopped Union troops at the First Battle of Bull Run.
127
George McClellan
The Union army general, he was an excellent drillmaster and organizer of troops. He never took risks and held the army without moving for months before being ordered by Lincoln to advance.
128
Army of the Potomac
The Union Army
129
Peninsular Campaign
McClellan's plan to take a month to capture Yorktown, then, going to Richmond. Lincoln took McClellan's reinforcements and chased Stonewall Jackson and after the Confederate army rode around McCellan's army, Robert E, Lee launched a devastating counterattack.
130
Robert E. Lee
Confederate war genera who launched a devastating attack during the Peninsular campaign.
131
The Army of Northern Virginia
One of three major armies in the Confederacy; General Lee was in charge of this one.
132
7 Days Battle
The devastating counterattack on McClellan's men during the peninsular campaign. Jackson had trapped them from going back up north.
133
Blockade Runners
The process of smuggling materials through the union blockade was risky but profitable. The union navy also captured British freights on the high seas citing their ultimate destination south as their reason.
134
The Battle of the Ironclads
The Merrimack, confederate ship, threatened to break the Union blockade, but the Monitor arrived just in time to fight to a standstill. The Merrimack was destroyed later to save it from the north. The lesson learned were that boats needed to be steam powered and armored from now on.
135
Ulysses S. Grant
Grant captured Fort Henry and Fort Donelson in Tennessee in 1862. This not only riveted Kentucky more securely into the union but it also opened a gateway to GA. Grant seized Vicksburg and Chattanooga.
136
Shiloh
A confederate victory; Grant was unable to capture the railroads near the Mississippi Valley.
137
Second Bull Run & John Pope
Robert E. Lee crushed General John Pope; Lee hoped to enter Border States to join the South and foreign countries to intervene.
138
Antietam
McClellan's men found acopy of Lee's plans and were able to stop the Southerners. Jefferson Davis was close to having European power interfere but the Union showed strength. It was the display of power that Lincoln needed to write the emancipation proclamation.
139
The Emancipation Proclamation
1863: Did not free the salves but gave the general idea; Lincoln said slaves would be free in the seceded stated but not he border states. It have the war a moral purpose. Slaves were free in southern not-yet-conquered territory.
140
Black Union Soldiers
As men ran low blacks were allowed in and by the end of the war 10% of the army was black. Southerners refused to recognize black prisoners of war as soldiers and execute them as rebels. During the Fort Pillow incident, black soldiers surrendered and were massacred.
141
1862 Congressional Elections
Republicans lost their seats so they a coalition call the Union party that tried to get Lincoln re-elected for another term.
142
Radical Republicans
They wanted to democratize the South, establish public education, and ensure the rights or free people; strongly promoted free blacks and black suffrage.
143
Ambrose Burnside & Fredericksburg
After Antietam, he took over and lost badly at Fredericksburg after launching a rash frontal attack.
144
James Longstreet
Confederate General lead Pickett's charge that was a charge across the field that ended in a pig-slaughter.
145
Joe Hooker & Chancellorsville
When Lee divided his army into two an sent Jackson to attack the Union flank, Hooker was badly beaten and Chancellorsville. Jackson died at this battle.
146
George Meade & Gettysburg
Lee was prepared to enter the North at Gettysburg, PA but Meade met him there. Meade took a stop at a low ridge flanking a shallow valley and a brutal battle was won by the North.
147
Vicksburg
At Vicksburg, Mississippi US Grant Besieged the city and captured it. It secured the Mississippi River and Grant made up for Shiloh. This was coupled with Gettysburg and confederate hope for foreign intervention was lost.
148
Chattanooga
Union victory in eastern Tennessee in November, 1863; gave the North control of important rail lines and cleared the way for General William T. Sherman's march into Georgia.
149
Congressional Committee on the Conduct of War
1861: Dominated by radical republicans and it gave Lincoln much trouble.
150
"Copperheads"
Those who completely opposed the war and denounced the president.
151
Clement Vallendigham
Well known copperhead that denounced the war and was imprisoned then banished to the South. He returned to Ohio illegally and was not further punished.
152
War Democrats and Peace Democrats
Split of Northern Democrats. The War Democrats supported Lincoln and the Peace Democrats did not.
153
Election of 1864
The Republicans and War Democrats renominated Abe Lincoln and the Copperheads and Peace Democrats ran George McClellan. The Union party chose Andrew Johnson to ensure the War Democrats would vote for Lincoln. Lincoln won.
154
National Union Party & Andrew Johnson
Included Republicans and War Democrats they nominated Lincoln. Andrew Johnson was his VP.
155
Lincoln's Second Inaugural Address
His speech stated that he wants to unite the North and the South and that he would be gentle during reconstruction. He also stated that slavery was evil.
156
Total War
General William Tecumseh Sherman did this by cutting railroad tracks, burning fields and crop and destroying everything.
157
The Wilderness Campaign
In a series of wilderness encounters Grant fought Lee and Grant lost many men. He knew he could lose more men than Lee.
158
Siege of Petersburg
Stalemate between Lee and Grant. Grant forced confederates to abandone Petersburg and Richmond and pursued them by cutting off their line of retreat to the South. Lee surrendered.
159
William Tecumseh Sherman
After Grant cleared Tennessee, this General marched through GA and burned down Atlanta.
160
John Bell Hood & The Battle of Atlanta
Confederate General Hood was given command of Western Rebel forces to attack Union forces around Atlanta, but he is outnumbered and wastes men.
Hood leaves Atlanta to launch an attack on Tennessee.
161
Sherman's March to the Sea
Sherman's march from Atlanta to South Carolina, he and his army applied a total warfare, scorched earth policy that led over a million dollars in damage and crushed the south.
162
Joseph Johnston
Confederate General replaced by John Bell Hood; he was captured by Sherman's army.
163
Appomattox Courthouse
Grant cornered Lee at this place and Lee formally surrendered and the war ended.
164
Assassination of Lincoln
John Wilkes Booth killed Lincoln and Lincoln became a martyr. Some say it was good he died because he would have been kind to the south during reconstruction.
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Aftermath of Civil War
The US survived to prove its strength. The war paved the war for its destiny as a dominant republic. In the post-war North it resulted in preservation of democracy and in the post-war South slavery was abolished.
