Unit 3

Question 1

Trait based motivation

Answer 1

• motivation considered to be based on individual characteristics
• it’s a function of a number of predispositions
• situation must be considered to have an influence

Question 2

Situation based motivation

Answer 2

• motivation influenced mainly by the situation an athelete is in
• eg may be motivated to go running by yourself or with a friend byt not in competitive racing
• some environments/situations might be negative or hostile yet an athlete can remain motivated

Question 3

Interactional view motivation

Answer 3

• dominant view
• motivation seen as an interaction between personal characteristics and situation factors
• key is to understand both the personal characteristics of the athlete and the situation characteristics and the interplay between them

Question 4

Achievement motivation

Atkinson (1964)

Answer 4

-a persons tendency to approach or avoid achievement or performance evaluation situations such as competition

Question 5

Achievement motivation model

McClelland-Atkinson

Answer 5

Basic proposed that two factors determine a sport performers achievement motivation:

1. The motive to achieve success
2. The motive to avoid failure

*Theory suggests that if the motive to achieve success is stronger than the motive to avoid failure then the person will engage in the performance/evaluative situation.
If fear in stronger, will avoid competition situation

Question 6

Achievement Goal Theory

Answer 6

• Suggests that there is an interaction between achievement goals, perceived ability and achievement behaviour to determine a person’s motivation
• Understanding a person’s achievement goal orientations is an important aspect to this approach
• Some may primarily be ‘outcome; or ‘competitive’ goal orientated whereas others ‘task’ or ‘mastery’ goal orientation
• Task appears to have a stronger effects on motivation to work hard, keep going in the face of obstacles

Question 7

Competence Motivation Theory

Harter, 1988

Answer 7

• Argues that humans are fundamentally motivated to feel competent and worthwhile
• These feeling work along side perceptions of control (eg over acquiring and performing a sport skill) to influence motivation
• These feelings are suggested to not influence motivation directly but result in emotional states (anxiety, enjoyment, happiness, guilt, fear) that in turn affect motivation.

Question 8

Direction

Intensity

Answer 8

=the goals that are set to be achieved. Mainly concerned with the goals of the individual

=relates to the amount of effort invested in reaching a particular goal or goals. How hard the person tries to achieve a particular performance goal.

Question 9

Intrinsic and extrinsic motivation

Answer 9

recent studies have shown that extrinsic rewards can act to reduce levels of intrinsic motivation

Question 10

Competing Response Theory (Reiss and Suchinsky, 1976)

Answer 10

• Refers to a response that interferes with actions that lead to enjoyment or satisfaction
• So, the introduction of an extrinsic reward into the process of engaging in an enjoyable activity is potentially distracting and performance could be impaired

Question 11

Overjustification Hypothesis

Answer 11

• Intrinsic motivation could be reduced by making the individual believe that the activity to being engaged in as a means to achieve extrinsic reward
• If external reward perceives to be over-sufficient then psychologically the person may come to a judgement that her/his behaviour was ‘externally’ rather than intrinsically motivated

Question 12

Cognitive-evaluation Theory

Answer 12

• Argues that people want to be self-determining and to be in control of their lives
• Therefore, rewards are interpreted in accord with this requirement
• So, if a reward is believed to contribute to controlling a behaviour the the reward may damage intrinsic interest in the activity
• If a reward conveys info about a persons competence in performing and activity then motivation may be increased because the info is perceived to imply competence in performance

Question 13

Self-efficacy: Bandura

3 components

Answer 13

1. Level (expected performance attainment)
2. Strength (certainty of expectation of success)
3. Generality (range of domains to which it applies)
   • While high levels of self-efficacy can influence sport performance or training, highly likely that prior experience of success will contribute to self-efficacy in a given situation

Question 14

Bandura believe self-efficacy resulted from 4 sources

Answer 14

1. performance accomplishment
2. vicarious reinforcement
3. verbal persuasion
4. emotional arousal

Question 15

Attributions

Answer 15

=why and how people are motivation in achievement situation and the cognitive processes involved

Question 16

Attribution Theory

Answer 16

Suggested that experienced outcomes were attributed to internal or external, impersonal forced or to both.

Question 17

Weiner (1972)

Answer 17

Two main dimensions:
•	Stability 
•	Locus of control: a persons belief about internal and external causes of things that happen to him/her
•	Ability= interna;/stable factor
•	Effort=external/unstable 
•	Also: controllability

Question 18

Russell (1982)

Answer 18

• Altered controllability dimension
• A controllable cause was one that could be controlled, altered or influenced by the sports performer themselves, or by some other person