UNIT 3 Flashcards by Christie AA

When infants shake a rattle repeatedly, they are engaging in

a. All the answers are correct.
b. functional play
c. practice play
d. sensorimotor play

a. All the answers are correct.

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Which of the following statements about information processing perspective in early childhood is false?

a. The information processing perspective has been criticized as being too simplistic.
b. Recognition in preschoolers is good, but recall is poor.
c. The ability to direct attention is well established in preschool children.
d. All the answers are false.

c. The ability to direct attention is well established in preschool children.

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Which of the following statements about undirected play is false?

a. Undirected play generally mimics the adult interactions experienced.
b. Play is generally more effective when undirected.
c. Recess activity and play has been linked to higher academic achievement.
d. Time spent in undirected play has been increasing

d. Time spent in undirected play has been increasing

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Which of the following statements about tests of conservation in preoperational children is false?

a. Preoperational children show conservation of liquid, length, and area.
b. Preoperational children do poorly on the three mountains task.
c. Preoperational thought is described as centration, or the focus on a single dimension.
d. Conservation of liquid, length, and area all occur at the same ages.

a. Preoperational children show conservation of liquid, length, and area.

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Which of the following statements about brain development in early childhood is false?

a. Myelination improves the speed of neuronal communication.
b. The emergence of handedness is evidence for a dominant hemisphere.
c. Twin studies confirm handedness is entirely determined by genes.
d. Lateralization of brain function is enabled by the myelination of the corpus callosum.

c. Twin studies confirm handedness is entirely determined by genes.

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Which of the following statements about handedness is false?

a. Right handers are more likely than left-handers to have language processing in the left hemisphere.
b. Left-handers are more likely than right handers to have language processed in the right hemisphere.
c. Recent research has shown that left-handers are susceptible to developmental delays.
d. None of the answers are false.

c. Recent research has shown that left-handers are susceptible to developmental delays.

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Which of the following statements about unintentional injury in early childhood is false?

a. Unintentional injuries are simply accidents which cannot be avoided.
b. Unintentional injuries are the fourth leading cause of hospitalization in early childhood.
c. Unintentional injuries in early childhood are greater for low income families.
d. Unintentional injuries are the leading cause of death in children.

a. Unintentional injuries are simply accidents which cannot be avoided.

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Which of the following statements about barriers to free play is false?

a. Free time is decreasing because of a shift to structured activities for preschoolers.
b. Kids are spending more time watching screens on computers and mobile devices.
c. There is more green space available for children to play.
d. Fear of abduction and abuse is a threat to free play outdoors.

c. There is more green space available for children to play.

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A belief that all objects have human qualities is known as

a. centration
b. animism
c. egotism
d. egocentrism

b. animism

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By the time children are four years old, they can speak or say over

a. 1000 words
b. 4000 words
c. 3000 words
d. 2000 words

a. 1000 words

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The range of tasks that can be accomplished with the assistance of an adult is known as

a. scaffolding
b. the zone of distal development
c. guided participation
d. the zone pf proximal development

b. the zone of distal development

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Which of the following statements about childhood obesity is false?

a. Activity levels are also an important factor in prevention.
b. Food choices are the most important factor in prevention.
c. Families have an important influence on the food choices and activity levels of their children.
d. Obesity is unrelated to socio-economic status.

d. Obesity is unrelated to socio-economic status.

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Using a pencil or pen is a ________ and most children can do so by age ________.

a. gross-motor skill; 4
b. fine-motor skill; 4
c. gross-motor skill; 3
d. fine-motor skill; 3

b. fine-motor skill; 4

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Which of the following statements about language development is true?

a. Receptive language skills are always less developed than expressive language skills.
b. The expansion of vocabulary during early childhood is called the vocabulary glacier.
c. By age three, children begin to use possessives and plurals.
d. By age five, children start to ask “wh” questions.

c. By age three, children begin to use possessives and plurals.

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d. By age five, children start to ask “wh” questions.
Which of the following is not a best practice in early-childhood education?
a. Keep class sizes small and child-teacher ratios low.
b. Identify children who learn in similar ways and instruct with specialized methods.
c. Develop comprehensive curricula that address interrelated developmental needs.
d. Make parents active partners in their children’s education

b. Identify children who learn in similar ways and instruct with specialized methods.

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By age ________, children have typically begun to form stereotypes about gender-typed play and gender stereotypes for toys.

a. 5
b. 6
c. 2
d. 3

d. 3

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Researchers who studied helping behaviour among seven-year-old boys reported that genetics explained approximately ________ of observed differences.

a. 4%
b. 70%
c. 20%
d. 100%

b. 70%

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Billy accidently hit a baseball through the neighbour’s window. Initially, he felt _________. But after his Dad called him “stupid,” he felt __________.

a. morally bereft; delinquent
b. shame; guilt
c. thrilled; glad
d. guilt; shame

d. guilt; shame

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In Canada, ________ has/have a responsibility to report child abuse and neglect.

a. doctors
b. teachers
c. any citizen who suspects child abuse
d. All of the answers are correct.

d. All of the answers are correct.

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These two styles of parenting may lead to better outcomes in non-Western cultures than in Western cultures:

a. Authoritarian and permissive
b. Authoritarian and authoritative
c. Permissive-indulgent and authoritative
d. Permissive-neglectful and authoritative

a. Authoritarian and permissive

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Judy’s parents have taught her to never “lose control” of her emotions. As an adult, she is likely to experience

a. anorexia
b. temper tantrums
c. externalizing problems
d. internalizing problems

d. internalizing problems

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________ believed that children’s emerging representations of self are directly tied to their early interactions with primary caregivers.

a. J.
b. J. Bowlby
c. Skinner
d. L. Vygotsky

b. J. Bowlby

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________ is famous for saying: “Give me a dozen healthy infants, well-formed, and my own specified world to bring them up in and I’ll guarantee to take any one at random and train him to become any type of specialist I might select—doctor, lawyer, artist, merchant chief, yes, even beggar-man and thief—regardless of his talents, penchants, tendencies, abilities, vocations, and race of his ancestors”?

a. S. Freud
b. J.B Watson
c. Skinner
d. L. Vygotsky

b. J.B Watson

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The field of ________ studies the nature of the relationship between genes and behaviour.

a. neurobiology
b. behaviour genetics
c. brain genetics
d. neuropsychology

b. behaviour genetics

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Canadian-born psychologist Albert Bandura conducted an experiment with a Bobo doll which illustrated a. environmental conditions that give rise to attention disorders b. the power of observation and modeling c. the innate need for children to respond to reinforcement d. attachment parenting

b. the power of observation and modeling

Approximately 25% of parents in Canada still use corporal punishment with children ages 2 to 11 years. a. True b. False

a. True

A 40-year longitudinal study on the impact of children viewing violence on television concluded that that there is a. a clear correlation between watching violent television and aggressive behaviour b. no correlation between watching violent TV and aggressive behaviour c. a negative correlation between violent TV and aggression d. a cause-effect relationship between watching violent television and aggressive behaviour

a. a clear correlation between watching violent television and aggressive behaviour

Gender schema refers to a. the mental categories children develop to tell the difference between males and females b. biological differences in males and females c. cultural differences in males and females d. the knowledge that gender does not change

a. the mental categories children develop to tell the difference between males and females

Self-concept describes the a. self-esteem a child gets from being praised by others b. factor that leads to conceit c. child’s self-perception of their unique traits, values, and personality style d. value one puts on personal traits

c. child’s self-perception of their unique traits, values, and personality style

``` d. value one puts on personal traits Which parenting style describes parents who explain the rules and are warm and responsive to the needs of their children? a. permissive-indulgent b. authoritative c. authoritarian d. permissive-neglectful ```

c. authoritarian

1. Between the ages of 2 and 6, the average child in the United States gains about 6 pounds and 2 to 3 inches per year. a. True b. False

a. True

. With respect to average development, after the weight gain that takes place during infancy, young children tend to gain weight more rapidly from ages 2 through 6. a. True b. False

b. False

3. Your friend Diane is looking at a growth chart for height at the doctor’s office, you explain that the steeper line depicts a child who is gaining inches more rapidly than the average child. a. True b. False

a. True

4. By the beginning of early childhood, ________________ is taking place more slowly than it did during infancy. a. myelination b. synaptic pruning c. redistribution d. neural elimination

b. synaptic pruning

5. Between ages 2 and 6,, the brain gains ___________ percent of its adult weight. a. 5 to 10 b. 10 to 15 c. 15 to 20 d. 20 to 25

d. 20 to 25

6. Sally and James are both 4 years old, and each is well-coordinated. From this, neurologically, we can surmise that the _________________ of the neurons that link the cerebral cortex to the ___________ has progressed normatively. a. myelination, cerebellum b. cerebellum, cerebral cortex c. cerebellum, parietal cortex d. cerebral cortex, myelination

a. myelination, cerebellum

7. ________________ is responsible for the establishment of increasingly complex connections among neurons. a. Myelination b. Dendritic growth c. Vascular growth d. Axonal connections

b. Dendritic growth

8. One result of myelination is _______________________. a. a slowing of synaptic transmissions b. an acceleration of neural transmission c. more pruning occurs d. the cerebellum develops

b. an acceleration of neural transmission

10. Tomas is a three-year-old boy living in an older apartment where the paint is peeling from the walls. His parents have just finished repainting his bedroom and are in the process of repainting the other rooms as they worry if Tomas was to put the peeling paint into his mouth, this could result in ______________. a. Toxic shock syndrome b. Serotonin syndrome c. Lead poisoning d. Arsenic poisoning

c. Lead poisoning

11. __________________ is the process by which the right and left hemispheres of the brain take on specific functions. a. Bilateralization b. Collaboration c. Lateralization d. Coordination

c. Lateralization

12. In the physical domain, the _________ hemisphere controls the left side of the body while the ____________ hemisphere, controls the right side of the body. a. Right, left b. Right, right c. Left, right, d. Left, left

a. Right, left

13. Your professor, a developmentalist, explained that it is normative for _______________ a dominant role in language. a. the right hemisphere to play b. both the left and right hemispheres to fight for c. the left hemisphere to play d. neither hemisphere to play

c. the left hemisphere to play

14. One of the results of lateralization manifests as ________________. a. hand preference b. drawing ability c. early ability to skip and hop d. early ability to write the alphabet

a. hand preference

15. Bill prefers using his left hand while his brother Bob uses his right. Bill’s brain functioning is more likely to be influence by ________________. a. the left hemisphere b. the right hemisphere c. high connectivity between hemispheres d. low connectivity between hemispheres

a. the left hemisphere

16. Most of the world’s population appears to be right-handed. a. True b. False

a. True

17. According to your text, the percentage of left-handed people is consistently about ____ across cultures a. 8 percent b. 10 percent c. 11 percent d. 13 percent

a. 8 percent

18. More recent research has challenged the position that left-handers were more susceptible to developmental delays and immune deficiencies than right-handers. a. True b. False

a. True

19. The process through which cartilage turns into bone is known as ____________. a. amplification b. augmentation c. ossification d. calcification

c. ossification

20. Ossification occurs during which periods of development? a. infancy through childhood b. infancy through adolescence c. childhood through adolescence d. adolescence through adulthood

b. infancy through adolescence

21. For healthy bone growth, the World Health Organization emphasizes the importance of a. adequate calcium intake, reduced exposure to sunshine, and consumption of a variety of fruits and vegetables. b. adequate calcium intake, exposure to sunshine, and consumption of a variety of fruits and vegetables. c. adequate fiber intake, reduced exposure to sunshine, and consumption of similar of fruits and vegetables. d. adequate potassium intake, exposure to sunshine, and consumption of similar of fruits and vegetables.

b. adequate calcium intake, exposure to sunshine, and consumption of a variety of fruits and vegetables.

22. The skeletal development of children whose diets are deficient in key nutrients are at risk for conditions such as ________________________. a. chronic growth maturation b. psychosocial dwarfism c. chronic growth retardation d. vitamin D deficiency

c. chronic growth retardation

23. Millie was nutritionally deprived during early childhood, resulting in skeletal growth stunting. After she was adopted she ate a diet rich in vitamins and minerals and engaged in regular, age-appropriate exercise. As an adult she may be at increased risk for ____________________. a. no adverse side effects from her early deprivation b. a difficult labor when she gives birth c. obesity d. anorexia

d. anorexia

24. In early childhood, skeletal growth stunting undermines the health development of bones and is also associated with cognitive delays that ________________________. a. are difficult to distinguish from ADHD b. are difficult to distinguish form learning disorders c. interfere with socializing d. undermine educational achievement

d. undermine educational achievement

25. Signaling a serious health concern, it is estimated that _______ million preschool children met clinical criteria for growth stunting in 2010. a. 31 b. 71 c. 171 d. 271

c. 171

26. According to your text, from 2010 to 2020 the goal of international nutrition efforts is to decrease the percentage of preschool children at-risk for growth-stunting from 1 in every 4 to _____. a. 1 in 5 b. 1 in 6 c. 1 in 7 d. 1 in 8

a. 1 in 5

27. Henry is able to draw lines and successfully fit differently shaped puzzle pieces into their corresponding slots in a shape-sorter. His fine-motor skills are normative for a ___ -year-old. a. 2 b. 3 c. 4 d. 5

a. 2

28. Lucy builds large towers with wood blocks, stands on one foot, and loves to jump off objects. Her fine-motor and gross-motor skills are normative for a ___-year-old. a. 2 b. 3 c. 4 d. 5

b. 3

29. Rico ties his shoes, writes numbers, and is able to print his first name. His fine-motor skills are normative for a _____-year-old child. a. 2 b. 3 c. 4 d. 5

d. 5

30. Jacob skips, climbs ladders, and is able to change direction very quickly while running. His gross-motor skills are normative for a _______-year-old child. a. 2 b. 3 c. 4 d. 5

c. 4

31. By the end of Piaget’s _____________ babies have developed object permanence. a. sensorimotor b. preoperational c. concrete d. formal

a. sensorimotor

32. According to Piaget, a hallmark of the ____________ stage is the emerging ability of the child to use language to make sense of the world. a. sensorimotor b. preoperational c. concrete d. formal

b. preoperational

33. Your 5-year-old cousin Julio is in the backseat of the car on the way to go camping with her family. A very normal question for her to ask is: ________________ say? a. “can we get some gas?” b. “are we there yet?” c. “did you pack my slippers?” d. “can you on some jazz music?”

b. “are we there yet?”

34. As preoperational development unfolds, __________ allows the child to, use language as a new way of thinking about the world. a. distal function b. symbolic function c. intuitive thought d. relativistic thought

b. symbolic function

35. This marker of preoperational development is associated with an explosion of a child wanting to children want to know how and why. a. distal function b. symbolic function c. intuitive thought d. relativistic thought

c. intuitive thought

36. A child’s cognitive abilities: a. gradually emerge, gain significance, and then decline. b. gradually emerge, lose significance, and then increase. c. are fully stablished by age seven d. turn off and on much like a television set.

a. gradually emerge, gain significance, and then decline.

37. When a developmentalist asks a preoperational child to decide whether two sticks of equal length are still equal after you move one stick, the most likely response is: a. one of the sticks is longer b. one of the sticks has disappeared c. both are of equal length d. each stick has different widths

a. one of the sticks is longer

38. When a developmental scientist presents two identical glasses with liquid at the same level, the child study participant agrees that both contain the same amount of liquid. Next, when the liquid is poured from one of the short, wide glasses into a tall thin glass, the concrete operational child concludes that a. one of the glasses is longer b. one of the glasses has more liquid c. both glasses have the same amount of liquid d. teach glass is half full

c. both glasses have the same amount of liquid

39. Piaget’s law of conservation describes the developmental accomplishment of being able to understand that changing the form or appearance of a substance does not change its _____________. a. color b. smell c. texture d. amount

d. amount

40. The law of conservation, according to Piaget, develops during the ___________stage. a. concrete operational b. formal operational c. preoperational d. postoperational

c. preoperational

41. Questions that involve understanding conservation of liquid are likely to be out-of-range of the abilities of a ________-year-old. a. 4 b. 7 c. 9. d. 11

a. 4

42. According to Piaget, egocentrism is: a. the state of being selfish and self-indulgent b. the ability to understand the world from another person’s point of view. c. an innate inability to be concerned with other’s feelings d. the belief that others see the world the same way you do

d. the belief that others see the world the same way you do

43. Many preschoolers are egocentric and empathic. a. True b. False

a. True

44. When 3-year-old Katie says her tricycle is sad because it is in the garage all alone, this is an example of her use of a. object permanence b. propositional thought c. animistic thinking d. centration

c. animistic thinking

45. In the context of responding to the “3 Mountain Problem,” when asked to point to the picture that shows what the doll can see, 4-year-old Billy is likely to describe a. what the doll could see if it were human b. what he sees c. what he sees and what the doll could see it were human d. feeling overwhelmed

b. what he sees

46. Watching kindergarteners holding the hands of statues and include the statues in their game is a display of a. magical thinking b. emotional problems c. animism d. egocentrism

c. animism

97. Research suggests that normal-weight and overweight children experience the same level of risk for unwanted health outcomes, including: depression, low self-esteem, being bullied, and dysfunctional social skills. a. True b. False

b. False

96. In a recent study, children who watched a television show that contained food commercials ate ____ more snacks than those who watched an ad-free television show. a. 35% b. 45% c. 55% d. 75% Answer: B

b. 45%

95. With obesity rates on the rise, we have seen an increase in the number of children diagnosed with a. type 1 diabetes b. type 2 diabetes c. metabolic syndrome d. hypertension

b. type 2 diabetes

94. According to the body mass index, about what percentage of U.S. children are considered overweight or obese? a. 25% b. 33% c. 50% d. 66%

b. 33%

93. Which child is healthier? a. Joe, who eats chips, crackers, and drinks milk b. Sam, who eats beef burgers, fries, and drinks coke c. Ben, who eats chicken nuggets, macaroni, and drinks grape juice d. Andy, who eats apples, peanut butter, and drinks skim milk.

d. Andy, who eats apples, peanut butter, and drinks skim milk.

92. Childhood obesity is a. not a health problem; children grow out of it b. a global health problem c. only a problem in the USA d. culturally defined

b. a global health problem

91. Research suggests that inclusion of special needs children stalls the social and academic achievements of typical, normal-developing peers and may, in fact, undermine their educational achievement. a. True b. False

b. False

90. Inclusive preschool programs are effective for children with autistic spectrum disorders, resulting in significant gains in language skills, social interaction skills, play skills, and IQ. a. True b. False

a. True

89. Philosophical and political support continues to be weak for inclusion with respect to students with autism spectrum disorder. a. True b. False

b. False

88. Because 8-year-old James has a diagnosed disability, his educational advocate annually reviews James’ ____________ which outlines his educational goals for the year. a. Intermediate Education Program b. Structured Education Program c. Individualized Education Program d. Institutionalized Education Program

c. Individualized Education Program

87. Early detection of autism along with appropriate intervention predicts the best outcomes for this special population of children. a. True b. False

a. True

86. In a recent study, the majority of children who participated in Head Start, approximately ___ showed no significant changes in their school-readiness skills as a result of attending the program for 1 year. a. 65% b. 75% c. 80% d. 90%

c. 80%

85. Evaluations of Head Start conclude that the intervention has had mixed results with respect to the length of time immediate program benefits persist. a. True b. False

a. True

84. State legislation requires that children with special needs should receive education in the same learning environment as peers without special needs. a. True b. False

a. True

83. _____________________ is a national program designed and implemented to promote school-readiness among disadvantaged children through the provision of educational, nutritional, and social services. a. No Child Left Behind b. Common Core c. Bright Start d. Head Start

d. Head Star

82. Symbolic play involves children ________________. a. exchanging toys. b. working toward a common goal. c. enacting social roles. d. using an object as a substitute for another.

d. using an object as a substitute for another.

81. When you were a child, you may have built “forts” made from pillows, sheets, or other objects in your home. This is an example of children engaging in ___________ play. a. constructive b. cooperative c. associative d. nonsocial

a. constructive

80. An infant shaking a rattle or clapping his hands is engaged in ___________ play. a. parallel b. functional c. constructive d. symbolic

b. functional

79. Elaine and Diane are playing house. Elaine is pretending to be mom, Diane is pretending to be Dad, and the dolls are the children. This is an example of ___________ play. a. parallel b. cooperative c. associative d. nonsocial

b. cooperative

78. John and James are 2-month-old twins playing near each other with similar toys. They do not direct the other’s activities. This is an example of _____________ play. a. parallel b. cooperative c. associative d. nonsocial

a. parallel

77. While in the sandbox, Benjamin makes a pie while David pours sand into a container. They talk and exchange tools. This is an example of _______________play. a. parallel b. cooperative c. associative d. nonsocial

b. cooperative

76. Babies Jack and Jessa are the same age, and they spend time together. Most recently, their “play” has involved Jack watching Jessa roll across the floor, an example of _____________ normative for their age and developmental stage. a. parallel play. b. cooperative play. c. nonsocial play. d. associative play

c. nonsocial play.

75. _____________________ develops from the need to understand and need to be understood. a. Directional language b. Correlational language c. Structural language d. Functional language

d. Functional language

74. _____________________ is best known for his assertion that all humans have an innate mechanism for processing words. a. Piaget b. Chomsky c. Vygotsky d. Erikson

b. Chomsky

73. “Fast-mapping” refers to_____________. a. the ability to draw a map after being given verbal directions b. understanding a new word and being able to use it after hearing it once c. being able to learn a new language as a preschooler d. listening to several conversations at once with understanding

b. understanding a new word and being able to use it after hearing it once

72. ____________________ is the process of forming a cognitive compartment or grouping based on specific properties. a. categorization b. pragmatics c. fast mapping d. syntax

a. categorization

71. Pragmatics is: a. the study of language b. grammar usage c. the social use of communication d. using parts of speech correctly

c. the social use of communication

70. “I sitted on the car” and “I gone home” are two examples of _______________. a. naming explosion b. noun bias c. overgeneralization d. undergeneralization

c. overgeneralization

69. Through early childhood, from ages 2 to 6, children’s vocabulary increases approximately ____. a. 25x b. 10x c. 20x d. 30x

c. 20x

68. Children go from being able to speak about 500 to 600 words at age 2 to saying over _________words a. 8,000 b. 10,000 c. 12,000 d. 15,000

c. 12,000

67. One defining feature of ______________ is that a young child will demonstrate a deficit on assessments, such as the false-belief task. a. generalized anxiety disorder b. depression c. attention deficit hyperactivity disorder d. autism

d. autism

66. ‘Theory of mind’ refers to: a. our assumptions that children think. b. the theories of noted researchers on child development. c. a child’s understanding that others may think differently from them. d. part of psychoanalytic theory.

c. a child’s understanding that others may think differently from them.

65. One of the differences between Piaget and Vygotsky is that Vygotsky asserted that: a. private speech is egocentric b. children are prewired for knowledge c. language is the foundation for cognitive development d. children learn through self-discovery.

e | c. language is the foundation for cognitive development

64. Billy and his Dad are learning new ways to build using construction toys. This is an example of a. Child participation b. Guided participation c. Floor time d. Integrated involvement

b. Guided participation

63. _____________ describes the distance between an individual’s current level of learning and the more distal achievement of expertise or mastery. a. Scaffolding b. The zone of distal development c. Symbolism d. Participation

b. The zone of distal development

62. After helping his mom bake cookies several times, as a result of ________________ Hank has learned how to bake cookies on his own. a. guided participation. b. cooperative learning. c. scaffolding. d. being pushed beyond the zone of proximal development.

a. guided participation.

61. In teaching a child to ride a bike, a parent will leave the training wheels on. Once bicycling is mastered, the parent will remove the wheels but still hold on to the seat of the bike to ensure the child’s stability. Finally, the adult will let go once the child can ride on his own. This is an example of a. underestimating the zone of proximal development. b. scaffolding. c. cooperative learning. d. guided diffusion.

b. scaffolding

60. What is the goal of scaffolding? a. to provide structure and dependence on a community of learners b. to provide the least amount of support necessary that results in learning and accelerates independent functioning c. to reward independent learning d. to discourage environmental structure and encourage social dependence

b. to provide the least amount of support necessary that results in learning and accelerates independent functioning

59. _____ refers to the process of a child gaining skill or knowledge through the experience of learning from a peer who has already mastered that particular skill or knowledge. a. Observational learning b. Teaching c. Scaffolding d. Guidance

c. Scaffolding

58. A child cannot bake cake alone, but the task is within the child’s Zone of Proximal Development, because she can perform this task _____________. a. if she is motivated with avoid punishment b. if she is motivated to receive a reward c. within the next 2 years d. with the help of an adult

d. with the help of an adult

57. According to Vygotsky, the difference between what a child can do alone and what they can do with guidance is known as a. modeling b. imitation c. the zone of proximal development d. guided participation

c. the zone of proximal development

56. A foundational principle of Vygotsky’s theory is that the a. cognitive world of the child facilitates the development of his or her thinking b. social world of the child facilitates the development of his or her thinking c. social world of the child limits the development of his or her thinking d. child does not need adults’ help to learn.

b. social world of the child facilitates the development of his or her thinking

55. A foundational principle of Piagetian theory is that the social environment shapes children’s understanding of the world. a. True b. False

b. False

54. There is a lack of evidence that Piaget’s stages of cognitive development are universal across all cultures. a. True b. False

a. True

53. Four-year-old Maggie uses short, simple sentences when talking to her baby sister. This shows that Piaget may have __________ the preschooler’s ¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬_____________ a. overestimated; animistic thinking. b. underestimated; egocentrism. c. overestimated; egocentrism. d. underestimated; animistic thinking.

c. overestimated; egocentrism

52. The most frequently cited criticism of Piaget’s preoperational development stage is that a. Piaget underestimated children’s social abilities b. Piaget overestimated children’s social abilities c. Piaget overestimated children’s cognitive abilities d. Piaget underestimated children’s cognitive abilities

d. Piaget underestimated children’s cognitive abilities

51. Young children’s thought is informed by the assumption of ____________, the belief that anything that exists is made by a conscious entity a. centration b. artificialism c. egocentrism d. irreversibility

b. artificialism

50. Susie believes that clouds come from a giant person blowing puffs of smoke into the sky and is unconcerned that she has no a. photograph of this occurring b. evidence of this cause and effect relationship c. alternative hypothesis d. siblings or friends who believe her

b. evidence of this cause and effect relationship

49. Preoperational development involves seemingly endless streams of “why?” questions, characteristic of a. egocentric thought b. animistic thought c. symbolic function d. intuitive thought

d. intuitive thought

48. When a child blows up a balloon and then allows it let the air escape, the balloon returning to its original form challenges the age-appropriate expectation that a. once the balloon was blown up, it could never return to its original shape b. once the balloon was blown up, it could never deflate c. the balloon has control over itself d. the child has no control over the balloon

a. once the balloon was blown up, it could never return to its original shape

47. According to Piaget, the work of the preoperational is linear and moves backward. a. True b. False

b. False

46. Watching kindergarteners holding the hands of statues and include the statues in their game is a display of a. magical thinking b. emotional problems c. animism d. egocentrism

c. animism

b. what he sees

c. animistic thinking

43. Many preschoolers are egocentric and empathic. a. True b. False

a. True

d. the belief that others see the world the same way you do

41. Questions that involve understanding conservation of liquid are likely to be out-of-range of the abilities of a ________-year-old. a. 4 b. 7 c. 9. d. 11

a. 4

40. The law of conservation, according to Piaget, develops during the ___________stage. a. concrete operational b. formal operational c. preoperational d. postoperational

c. preoperational

d. amount

c. both glasses have the same amount of liquid

a. one of the sticks is longer

a. gradually emerge, gain significance, and then decline.

35. This marker of of preoperational development is associated with an explosion of a child wanting to children want to know how and why. a. distal function b. symbolic function c. intuitive thought d. relativistic thought

c. intuitive thought

b. symbolic function

b. “are we there yet?”

32. According to Piaget, a hallmark of the ____________ stage is the emerging ability of the child to use language to make sense of the world. a. sensorimotor b. preoperational c. concrete d. formal

b. preoperational

31. By the end of Piaget’s _____________ babies have developed object permanence. a. sensorimotor b. preoperational c. concrete d. formal

a. sensorimotor

30. Jacob skips, climbs ladders, and is able to change direction very quickly while running. His gross-motor skills are normative for a _______-year-old child. a. 2 b. 3 c. 4 d. 5

c. 4

29. Rico ties his shoes, writes numbers, and is able to print his first name. His fine-motor skills are normative for a _____-year-old child. a. 2 b. 3 c. 4 d. 5

d. 5

28. Lucy builds large towers with wood blocks, stands on one foot, and loves to jump off objects. Her fine-motor and gross-motor skills are normative for a ___-year-old. a. 2 b. 3 c. 4 d. 5

b. 3

a. 2

1. The field of ____________studies the nature of the relationship between genes and behavior. a. behavior genetics b. neurobiology c. brain genetics d. neuropsychology

a. behavior genetics

. Benjamin has a sunny disposition, while Fred tends to be somber. __________ are scientists who have the specific tools to help us determine the proportion of these differences due to genes versus environment. a. Mothers b. Doctors c. Psychologists d. Behavior geneticists

d. Behavior geneticists

3. The _____________ represents the independent contribution of genes to differences seen between people in a given characteristic. a. inheritance factor b. chromosomal factor c. heritability estimate d. biological estimate

c. heritability estimate

4. Heritability estimates say nothing about the extent to which genes determine a personality trait within an individual. a. True b. False

a. True

5. _____________________is voluntary behavior that is intended to benefit another person. a. Social behavior b. Socioeconomic behavior c. Prosocial behavior d. Biological behavior

c. Prosocial behavior

6. Researchers who studied helping behavior among young boys reported that genetics explain approximately ____ of the differences they saw among 2-year-old boys. a. 20% b. 40% c. 70% d. 90%

b. 40%

7. Researchers who studied helping behavior among 7-year-old boys reported that genetics explained approximately_____ of observed differences. a. 20% b. 4% c. 70% d. 100%

c. 70%

8. The heritability estimate can be used to find out the genetic contribution to the prosocial behavior of any particular person in a study. a. True b. False

b. False

9. _________________ are the most common method used by behavior genetics researchers to obtain heritability estimates. a. Case studies b. Cross-sectional studies c. Twin studies d. Longitudinal studies

c. Twin studies

10. Dizygotic twins share up to ___ of their genes. a. 50% b. 60% c. 70% d. 90%

a. 50%

11. Fraternal twins are more likely than identical twins to share a particular behavioral characteristic. a. True b. False

b. False

12. Twin studies fail to account for the effects of shared family environments. a. True b. False

a. True

13. ______________________ is famous for saying: “Give me a dozen healthy infants, well-formed, and my own specified world to bring them up in and I’ll guarantee to take any one at random and train him to become any type of specialist I might select—doctor, lawyer, artist—regardless of his talents, penchants, tendencies, abilities, vocations and race of his ancestors” a. B.F. Skinner b. J.B Watson c. S. Freud d. L. Vygotsky

b. J.B Watson

14. Albert Bandura’s experiment with the Bobo doll illustrated a. attachment parenting b. the power of observation and modeling. c. the innate need for children to respond to reinforcement d. environmental conditions that give rise to attention disorders

b. the power of observation and modeling.

15. ___________________ believe that a child learns through imitating others. a. Behavioral theorists b. Psychoanalysts c. Social cognitive theorists d. Humanists

c. Social cognitive theorists

16. Bandura and his researchers found that children who had been exposed to aggressive adult models were less likely to behave aggressively than children who had witnessed no aggression. a. True b. False

b. False

17. Social Learning Theory stresses the importance of a. brain readiness. b. parenting skills. c. observation and modeling. d. schooling.

c. observation and modeling.

18. Erik Erikson described the early childhood stage of psychosocial development as a. trust versus mistrust. b. autonomy versus shame. c. initiative versus guilt. d. identity versus role confusion

c. initiative versus guilt.

19. These theorists emphasize the expectation that societies expect individuals to make gains in self-control as their biological maturation allows. a. Behavioral theorists b. Psychoanalysts c. Social cognitive theorists d. Humanists

b. Psychoanalysts

20. Self-concept describes the a. value one puts on personal traits. b. factor that leads to conceit. c. a child’s self-perception of her unique traits, values, and personality style. d. self-esteem a child gets from being praised by others..

c. a child’s self-perception of her unique traits, values, and personality style.

21. The emergence of a positive self-concept is fundamental to socioemotional development. a. True b. False

a. True

22. Children with low self-esteem often hang back and sit on the sidelines due to a lack of confidence in the ability to initiate activities that will interest other children. a. True b. False

a. True

23. Tommy describes himself by saying: “I am a boy with brown hair and freckles, and I can run fast.” His self-description illustrates a. self-absorption b. the categorical self c. accurate self esteem d. inflated self-concept

b. the categorical self

24. Self-esteem describes a. how children describe themselves. b. a child’s judgment about his personal worth. c. how a child views himself in terms of traits, values, and personality. d. An evaluation of the self that is not present until puberty.

b. a child’s judgment about his personal worth.

25. If 12-year-old Stevie was asked to describe himself, the description that most likely matches his self-description is: a. I am not good at baseball. b. I can climb higher than I did last year. c. I’m really shy except around my friends. d. I have blue eyes and I can run fast.

c. I’m really shy except around my friends.

26. It is not until ___________ that people can integrate separate and distinct attributes into an holistic, abstract representation of the self. a. early childhood b. middle childhood c. late childhood d. early adolescence

b. middle childhood

28. Children who experience responsive and emotionally supportive caregiving are more likely to view themselves as lovable and worthy of such support. a. True b. False

a. True

29. Recent research has shown that secure attachment to one’s caregiver is associated with neutral self-perceptions and self-esteem. a. True b. False

b. False

30. Bob did something wrong and feels guilty but does not feel ashamed of who he is. This suggests a. insecure attachment. b. poor self-regulation. c. no conscience. d. good parenting and good adjustment

d. good parenting and good adjustment

31. Which type of parent is more likely to use corporal punishment? a. authoritarian b. authoritative c. indulgent d. permissive

a. authoritarian

32. Bill, 5, and his sister Toni, 4, are arguing over a favorite chair. An authoritative parent will a. ignore them. b. settle it for them by taking turns for 10 minutes each. c. show them how to reason and negotiate with each other. d. let them work it out and only get involved if one is injured.

c. show them how to reason and negotiate with each other.

33. The type of parenting associated with the most developmentally-healthy outcomes is ___________________________. a. authoritarian. b. authoritative. c. permissive-indulgent d. permissive-neglectful

b. authoritative.

34. Which parenting style describes parents who explain the rules they do have for their children and are warm and responsive to the needs of their children. a. authoritarian b. authoritative c. permissive-indulgent d. permissive-neglectful

b. authoritative

35. Keisha’s parents don’t believe in making demands but instead encourage her to make her own decisions. Keisha has _____________ parents. a. authoritarian b. authoritative c. permissive-indulgent d. permissive-neglectful

c. permissive-indulgen

36. Jacob’s parents have high standards and strict rules that his parents expect to be obeyed without question and with total obedience. Jacob has ______________parents. a. authoritarian b. authoritative c. permissive-indulgent d. permissive-neglectful

a. authoritarian

37. Studies have found that responsive parenting correlates with social competence and positive adjustment. a. True b. False

a. True

38. Demanding parenting is correlated with negative outcomes, such as low levels of school achievement and behavioral control. a. True b. False

b. False

39. Children of parents who are highly responsive but convey few rules report lower social competence than peers whose parents are highly responsive and communicate clear rules. a. True b. False

a. True

40.Particularly within specific sub-cultures, such as middle-class families in Western societies, ______________________ parenting is associated with significantly more positive outcomes than the other parenting styles. a. authoritarian b. authoritative c. permissive-indulgent d. permissive-neglectful

b. authoritative

41. The positive outcomes of ____________________ appear to persist throughout childhood and well into adolescence. a. authoritarian b. authoritative c. permissive-indulgent d. permissive-neglectful

b. authoritative

42. These two styles of parenting may lead to better outcomes in non-Western cultures than in Western cultures. a. authoritarian and authoritative b. authoritarian and permissive c. permissive-indulgent and authoritative d. permissive-neglectful and authoritative

b. authoritarian and permissive

43. As of January 2014, 35 countries around the world had implemented policies or laws that protect children from ___________________________. a. poor nutrition b. all forms of corporal punishment c. child maltreatment by caregivers d. child maltreatment by parents

b. all forms of corporal punishment

44. _______ refers to teaching children to control their behavior and follow rules, whereas ___________ refers only to the unpleasant consequences of failing to follow the rules. a. Discipline, punishment b. Punishment ,discipline c. induction, discipline d. time out, induction

a. Discipline, punishment

45. Which of the following parenting styles is most aligned with the philosophy:, “Spare the rod, spoil the child”? a. authoritarian b. authoritative c. permissive-indulgent d. permissive-neglectful

a. authoritarian

46. Findings from research studies indicate that the use of corporal punishment increases children’s risk of internalized aggression, anger, withdrawal, and criminal behavior. a. True b. False

a. True

47. Findings from research studies indicate that the use of corporal punishment has been shown to be a major risk factor for physical, sexual, and emotional abuse. a. True b. False

a. True

48. The most likely perpetrator of physical abuse against a child is a a. stranger b. parent c. neighbor d. babysitter

b. parent

49. In the United States, maltreatment is the cause of death of at least _____ children every year. a. 586,000 b. 686,000 c. 750,000 d. 800,000

b. 686,000

50. In the United States, each and every day __ kids die as a result of maltreatment. a. 2 b. 3 c. 4 d. 6

c. 4

51. In the United States, the government has confirmed that over 1,500 U.S. children die annually as a result of maltreatment and that nearly 75% of these children are under age ___. a. 2 b. 3 c. 4 d. 5

b. 3

52. The accuracy of the proportion of children in non-parental childcare is debatable. a. True b. False

a. True

53. Young children who experience early, extensive, and continuous non-maternal care are at risk for experiencing less harmonious parent-child relations and showing higher levels of aggression in toddlerhood through the school years. a. True b. False

a. True

54. The majority of research studies examining the effects of non-parental childcare tend to focus on these two characteristics: a. quantity and cost b. quantity and quality c. cost and quality d. quality and level of discipline.

b. quantity and quality

55. Findings from the NICHD childcare study concluded that that quality of early childcare is unrelated to later academic achievement. a. True b. False

b. False

56. A 40-year longitudinal study on the impact of children viewing violence on television concluded that that there is: a. no correlation between watching violent TV and aggressive behavior b. a negative correlation between violent TV and aggression c. a cause-effect relationship between watching violent television and aggressive behavior d. a clear correlation between watching violent television and aggressive behavior

d. a clear correlation between watching violent television and aggressive behavior

57. Children’s movies, videos, and television shows contain, on average, ____ violent acts per hour. a. 2 b. 6 c. 14 d. 28

c. 14

According to your text, by the time a child who regularly watch television reaches age 19, that child will have witnessed approximately ___________ acts of televised violence. ______ a. 150,000 b. 175,000 c. 200,000 d. 250,000,

c. 200,000

59. Findings from empirical studies of television violence indicates that children’s exposure to media violence desensitizes them to real violence. a. True b. False

a. True

60. Research on violent television viewing indicates an association with a. increases hostile behaviors in children. b. no differences in the behavior of children. c. a desire to protect others d. a sophisticated ability to distinguish fantasy and reality.

a. increases hostile behaviors in children.

61. Relational aggression is behavior that children engage in that a. harms another by damaging a relationship through humiliation or gossip. b. harms another by injury or threats. c. is intended to hurt others d. primes children to be victims of bullying.

a. harms another by damaging a relationship through humiliation or gossip.

62. Alvin watches Power Rangers and Theodore watches Sesame Street. Based on what you have learned about media exposure and television violence, who is more likely to engage in relational aggression? a. Theodore because he learned about positive relationships b. Alvin because he is more likely to model the behaviors c. Both will exhibit equal amounts of relational aggression d. Neither child will exhibit relational aggression

b. Alvin because he is more likely to model the behaviors

63. Alvin watches Power Rangers and Theodore watches Sesame Street. Based on what you have learned about media exposure and television violence, who is more likely to engage in prosocial behavior? a. Theodore because he learned about positive relationships b. Alvin because he is more likely to model the behaviors c. Both will exhibit equal amounts of relational aggression d. Neither child will exhibit relational aggression

a. Theodore because he learned about positive relationships

64. Five-year-old Mason knows his brother is still a boy when he dresses as a girl for fun. Mason is exhibiting a. a secure brother attachment. b. gender identity. c. gender constancy. d. gender orientation.

c. gender constancy.

65. The distinction between ‘sex differences’ and ‘gender differences’ is that the former refers to differences due to _______________ and the latter refers to differences due to ________________. a. biology; social norms b. social norms; biology c. biology as determined at birth; biology as determined at puberty d. social norms of a culture; social norms of a peer group

a. biology; social norms

66. Gender schema refers to a. cultural differences in males and females. b. biological differences in males and females. c. the mental categories children develop to tell the difference in males and females. d. the knowledge that gender does not change.

c. the mental categories children develop to tell the difference in males and females.

67. Gender constancy refers to knowledge a. that one’s sex remains the same regardless of clothing or actions. b. that gender does not change with age. c. of one’s self as male or female. d. of social norms for male and female behavior.

a. that one’s sex remains the same regardless of clothing or actions.

68. Gender identity refers to knowledge _________________. a. that one’s sex remains the same regardless of clothing or actions. b. that one’s gender does not change with age. c. of one’s self as male or female. d. Of social norms for male and female behavior.

c. of one’s self as male or female.

69. If Sam, age 3, wears pink and likes to play dress up, it means that he a. is likely to be homosexual b. has effeminate tendencies. c. is a normal preschooler who likes to wear the color pink. d. is rebellious.

c. is a normal preschooler who likes to wear the color pink.

70. A gender stereotype is a. a parent’s preference for having a male or female child b. the opinion of others about a child’s gender c. one’s self-concept of being male or female. d. a rigid determination of appropriate dress and action based on sex.

d. a rigid determination of appropriate dress and action based on sex.

71. If Betsy’s mother has rigid stereotypes and Betsy wants to play the trumpet in the band, her mother will say: a. Sure! That is a cool instrument. b. No! Only boys play the trumpet. c. You can play the drums or guitar instead. d. She really doesn’t care what Betsy does.

b. No! Only boys play the trumpet.

72. Mom takes David to the toy store. David refuses to walk down the “pink, Barbie” aisle. David hi communicating a a. phobia. b. behavior problem. c. gender stereotype. d. gender fear

c. gender stereotype.

73. Boys typically display stronger same-sex toy preferences. a. True b. False

a. True

74. Sid thinks if he puts on a dress he will become a girl. Sid is lacking gender a. schema b. constancy c. identity d. role

b. constancy

75. By age ____ , typically children have begun to form stereotypes about gender-typed play and gender stereotypes for toys. a. 2 b. 3 c. 5 d. 6

b. 3

76. Feminine-stereotyped toys encourage, a. competition, aggression ,and movement in space b. communicative play and collaborative role playing c. gender neutral play d. no specific type of play; toys are not gender stereotyped, people are.

d. no specific type of play; toys are not gender stereotyped, people are.

77. Physical play, such as wrestling, tumbling, and running is __________________ play. a. brawl and bramble b. tough boy c. rough and tumble d. girly

c. rough and tumble

78. Young children begin to develop a(n)___________ when they can label their own and others’ emotions. a. emotion vocabulary b. friendship c. word literacy d. moral thinking

a. emotion vocabulary

79. The condition known as ____________ is failure to develop adequate emotion vocabularies. a. dyslexia b. alexithymia c. dystonia d. akathisia

b. alexithymia

80. Emotion-regulation is the ability to a. control the bowels. b. control the behavior one displays in response to an emotional state c. change behavior based on the situation. d. express thoughts.

b. control the behavior one displays in response to an emotional state

. Alexithymia persists into adulthood in about __ of people, but most children manage to develop an emotion vocabulary that they can apply to their own and others’ emotions. a. 5-10% b. 10-15% c. 15-20% d. 20-25%

b. 10-15%

82. The ability to effectively send and receive emotional cues and manage one’s own emotional experience is called: a. emotional composure b. emotional management c. affection social intelligence d. affective social competence

d. affective social competence

83. The three components of affective social competence include: sending emotional cues, receiving emotional cues, and managing emotional experiences. a. True b. False

a. True

84. Three-year-old Bobby puts his fingers in his ears when he hears loud sounds. He is demonstrating a(n) ____________________ skill. a. scaffolding b. empathy c. emotion regulation. d. auditory metering

c. emotion regulation.

85. Three-year-old Susie only knows if she is mad or sad. She has yet to assert that she is feeling other emotions, a sign that she a. should be evaluated for delayed emotional development. b. is cognitively delayed. c. needs more exposure to emotional content in the media she watches. d. Is perfectly normal for her age.

d. Is perfectly normal for her age

86. Cultures vary in emotional display rules. a. True b. False

a. True

87. Billy is good at understanding non-verbal cues from others. Bobby has difficulty understanding expressions and tone of voice. Who most likely has better peer relationships? a. Bob b. Bill c. Depends on the situation d. Neither

b. Bill

88. Judy’s parents have taught her never to “lose control” of her emotions. As an adult she is likely to experience a. externalizing problems b. internalizing problems c. temper tantrums d. anorexia

b. internalizing problems

89. Aggression peaks between __ and _ months a. 12 and 24 b. 18 and 27 c. 24 and 42 d. 35 and 72

c. 24 and 42

90. Instrumental aggression is a behavior motivated by a. the desire to harm another by damaging a relationship. b. the desire to harm another by injury or threats. c. an intent to harm. d. a desire to gain an object or privilege without intent to harm.

d. a desire to gain an object or privilege without intent to harm.

91. Hostile aggression is a behavior motivated by a. the desire to harm another by damaging a relationship. b. The desire to harm another by injury or threats. c. an intent to harm. d. a desire to gain an object or privilege without intent to harm.

c. an intent to harm.

92. Overt aggression is a behavior motivated by a. the desire to harm another by damaging a relationship. b. the desire to harm another by injury or threats. c. an intent to harm. d. a desire to gain an object or privilege without intent to harm.

b. the desire to harm another by injury or threats.

93. In order to sit next to Grandma Ellie at Thanksgiving, Jason pushed his sister Abby out of the chair. This is an example of ________aggression. a. hostile b. instrumental c. relational d. passive

b. instrumental

94. Jack wants the toy that Ethan is playing with, so he forcibly grabs it away. Jack is demonstrating: a. instrumental aggression b. hostile aggression c. overt aggression d. relational aggression

a. instrumental aggression

97. _________ follow from self-scrutinizing and self-evaluation with respect to moral standards. a. Shame b. Moral emotions c. Self-conscious emotions d. Guilt

b. Moral emotions

98. Billy accidently hit a baseball through the neighbor’s window. Initially he felt _________ but after his Dad called him “stupid,” he felt __________. a. Thrilled, glad b. Guilt, shame c. Shame, guilt d. Morally bereft, delinquent

b. Guilt, shame

99. Kohlberg believed morality arises from a child’s _________. New research studies the role ________ have on the development of morality. a. emotions, cognitions b. parents, teachers c. parents, peers d. cognitions, emotions

d. cognitions, emotions

100. Laurie feels sad that Katie’s dad died. Laurie feels ______________. a. sympathy b. empathy c. dysphoric d. melancholic

a. sympathy

101. After Katie’s Dad died, Laurie went to her house and gave her favorite Beany Baby to Katie and then sat with her for a long time. Laurie felt _________. a. sympathy b. empathy c. dysphoric d. melancholic

b. empathy

102. A research study conducted with 5-year-olds concluded that children who show high levels of distress in response to another’s misfortune are ______ likely to engage in prosocial behavior. a. more b. less c. about the same as the non-distressed d. 5 year olds don’t have empathy

b. less