UNIT 7 Flashcards
1
Q
After Howard worked as an international consultant for 35 years with a number of companies, he retired and started a dance company with his wife. For both, this is their “encore career” of choice, an opportunity to:
a. do nonprofit work to help vulnerable populations.
b. earn income while doing something meaningful to them.
c. earn income while helping vulnerable populations.
d. earn income while working in the arts.
A
b. earn income while doing something meaningful to them.
2
Q
Approximately _____ of retirees return to the workforce for an encore career.
a. 10%
b. 20%
c. 30%
d. 40%
A
c. 30%
3
Q
The majority of individuals move from careers into _____________ jobs prior to retirement.
a. novice
b. work-from-home
c. tunnel
d. bridge
A
d. bridge
4
Q
Retirement and average life expectancy used to be _____________, and now they are ________________.
a. farther apart ; closely linked
b. closely linked; farther apart
c. unrelated; closely linked
d. closely linked; unrelated
A
b. closely linked; farther apart
5
Q
In the United States, the average age of retirement is:
a. 55.
b. 62.
c. 65.
d. 72.
A
b. 62.
6
Q
When middle-aged workers lose their jobs, it is_________ for them to find a new job compared to younger workers.
a. less difficult
b. more difficult
c. equally difficult
d. none of the choices
A
b. more difficult
7
Q
Middle-aged workers are __________ to lose their jobs compared to emerging and young adult workers.
a. less likely
b. more likely
c. equally likely
d. more prepared
A
a. less likely
8
Q
Middle-aged adults comprise approximately ______ of the U.S. labor force.
a. 10%
b. 25%
c. 33%
d. 66%
A
c. 33%
9
Q
Currently, in the United States, having one career that spans one’s entire career through retirement is common.
a. True
b. False
A
b. False
10
Q
Middle adulthood is an important time of the lifespan for accumulation of retirement savings.
a. True
b. False
A
a. True
11
Q
Members of the Baby Boom generation, adults currently middle-aged in the U.S., changed jobs approximately 10 times before reaching middle adulthood.
a. True
b. False
A
a. True
12
Q
Almost all middle-aged adults change jobs at least once.
a. True
b. False
A
b. False
13
Q
Although middle-aged men and women move in the direction of becoming more alike than they were in earlier decades, dominance of ability traits associated with _____________________sex differences, such as verbal and spatial ability, continues and even increases in middle adulthood.
a. neurologically based
b. culturally determined
c. hormonal
d. learned
A
a. neurologically based
14
Q
When couples reach middle adulthood, relationships may destabilize while each partner reconsiders needs for:
a. more or less femininity in a partner.
b. an older or younger partner.
c. conflict versus calm.
d. separateness or closeness to another.
A
d. separateness or closeness to another.
15
Q
Gender differences on a number of characteristics remain in middle adulthood, for example:
a. women continue to show increased dominance in increase in verbal fluency.
b. men continue to show increased competence in visual-spatial ability.
c. neither a nor b
d. both a and b
A
d. both a and b
16
Q
At their 40th wedding anniversary, Helen and Roger’s friends enjoyed teasing the couple about how alike they had become to one another, a phenomenon developmentalists refer to as:
a. transgenderism.
b. transsexuality.
c. gender crossover.
d. gender convergence.
A
d. gender convergence.
17
Q
In middle adulthood, developmentalists see an increase in __________________, adopting and developing traits consistent with the opposite gender.
a. transgenderism
b. transsexuality
c. gender crossover
d. gender convergence
A
c. gender crossover
18
Q
According to theorist Daniel Levinson, middle-aged adults are challenged to balance and integrate opposing parts of the self, including:
a. immature and mature parts.
b. masculine and feminine.
c. generating new and accepting loss.
d. all of the choices
A
d. all of the choices
19
Q
An alternative interpretation of the midlife crisis is that it is a normative life transition, an opportunity to:
a. make life more consistent with likes and dislikes.
b. reconsider and integrate parts of one’s identity.
c. balance dominant and nondominant parts of self.
d. all of the choices
A
d. all of the choices
20
Q
Males and females tend to become more similar at midlife.
a. True
b. False
A
a. True
21
Q
Heath practitioners who take a mind–body approach to medicine might design interventions that promote _________________ in an effort to reduce or eliminate markers of physical stress and health problems (for example, systemic inflammation, cardiovascular risks, poor sleep).
a. engagement in meaningful goals
b. rigorous exercise and good nutrition
c. doing less and spending more time alone
d. taking more medications
A
a. engagement in meaningful goals
22
Q
As Arthur approached his 58th birthday, he experienced a(n) _____________ in well-being due to normative, expected life changes such as ___________________.
a. decrease; a decrease on demands for his time and resources at both home and work
b. decrease; the need to balance the demands of raising dependent children while working
c. increase; a decrease on demands for his time and resources at both home and at work
d. increase; the need to balance the demands of raising dependent children while working
A
c. increase; a decrease on demands for his time and resources at both home and at work
23
Q
If the midlife crisis is reframed as a normative, midlife transition, empirical support for this hypothesis might be:
a. equal proportions of emerging, young, and middle-aged adults working on their identity.
b. middle-aged adults who are not satisfied with their lives making changes in their lives consistent with their identity.
c. neither a nor b
d. both a and b
A
d. both a and b
24
Q
There is a(n) _________________ evidence in support of the assertion that a midlife crisis is ____________________.
a. lack of; universal
b. lack of; personal
c. abundance of; universal
d. abundance; personal
A
a. lack of; universal
25
In middle adulthood, the absence of well-being is associated with:
a. mental health problems.
b. physical health problems.
c. neither nor b
d. both a and b
d. both a and b
26
A valid measure of eudaimonic well-being would assess:
a. engagement in living a productive life.
b. experiences of personal growth.
c. fulfillment of one’s potential.
d. all of the choices
d. all of the choices
27
Hedonic well-being refers to:
a. the presence of positive feelings and the absence of negative feelings about one’s life.
b. the presence of positive and negative feelings about one’s life.
c. feeling good and satisfied about one’s life.
d. an absence of negative feelings about one’s life
a. the presence of positive feelings and the absence of negative feelings about one’s life.
28
Eudaimonic well-being is positively associated with depression.
a. True
b. False
b. False
29
In middle adulthood, well-being is not an accurate indicator of the positive feelings adults have about their lives.
a. True
b. False
a. True
30
Although Jim knows he should tell his son to be very planful about his career and decisions about who he marries, he also wants him to just enjoy each day because compared to when he was in his 20s, now middle-aged, his ___________________ more in focus.
a. value system is
b. moral compass is
c. religious values are
d. future horizon is
d. future horizon is
31
Socioemotional selectivity theory is a specific example of the way _______________ facilitates developmental adjustment in middle adulthood.
a. selection, optimization, and compensation
b. psychosocial crisis
c. psychosexual development
d. cognitive development
a. selection, optimization, and compensation
32
One reason for emerging and young adults to sharpen their ________________________ is because in middle adulthood, a high positive: negative emotion ratio predicts well-being.
a. emotional sensitivity
b. emotional intensity
c. emotion regulation skills
d. emotion management skills
c. emotion regulation skills
33
When adults over-rely on ________________________________, they miss opportunities to prevent distress and increase exposure to distressing events.
a. antecedent-focused emotion regulation
b. response-focused emotion regulation
c. defense mechanism initiation
d. coping mechanism initiation
b. response-focused emotion regulation
34
Middle-aged adults get better at using the appropriate coping strategy to manage their emotions, including the ability to anticipate a response before facing a stimulus, referred to as:
a. antecedent-focused emotion regulation.
b. response-focused emotion regulation.
c. defense mechanism initiation.
d. coping mechanism initiation.
a. antecedent-focused emotion regulation.
35
As adults get older, the way they see the world appears rosier because they tend to shift their value system and behavior by investing more socioemotional energy in experiences they perceive as:
a. life-altering.
b. meaningful.
c. financially valuable.
d. socially normal.
b. meaningful.
36
Carstensen’s ________________ theory explains why aging is associated with biased recall.
a. socioemotional availability
b. socioemotional selectivity
c. selective emotion
d. selective attention
c. selective emotion
37
Through later adulthood, the coincidence of physiological and physical decline along with an increase in positive emotions is referred to as the:
a. rule of synchrony.
b. rule of asynchrony.
c. paradox of well-being.
d. paradox of unrelated adjustments.
c. paradox of well-being.
38
Adults report increasingly positive emotions with age.
a. True
b. False
a. True
39
Through middle adulthood, we see an increase in bias in the direction of recalling positive memories over negative or neutral memories.
a. True
b. False
a. True
40
Despite physical and physiological declines in health, older adults tend to report increased feelings of well-being.
a. True
b. False
a. True
41
Adult friendships can fill a __________________ role in the lives of adults who have very little or no spousal or family-of-origin support.
a. dysfunctional
b. detrimental
c. compensatory
d. celebratory
c. compensatory
42
Jon and Chris were never that close. However, as adults, their anger and conflict with one another escalated when they ____________________, a common trigger for the escalation of adult sibling rivalry.
a. both got married
b. both had sons
c. had to make caregiving decisions about their parents
d. both wanted to host holidays
c. had to make caregiving decisions about their parents
43
Significant sibling conflict in adulthood is more likely if, as children, siblings experienced:
a. parental divorce.
b. child abuse.
c. problems with the law.
d. any of the choices
d. any of the choices
44
Adult siblings get along best when they perceive their parents as:
a. financially wealthy.
b. traditional and religious.
c. honest about favoritism.
d. fair and equitable.
d. fair and equitable.
45
Sibling rivalry in adulthood, as in childhood, is a symptom of battling for:
a. parental resources.
b. control over future inheritance.
c. love from one another.
d. respect from one another.
c. love from one another.
46
The quality of adult sibling relationships is often __________________childhood sibling relationships.
a. quite similar to
b. very different from
c. slightly different from
d. much more complex than
a. quite similar to
47
In adulthood, sibling relationships may be characterized by:
a. affection.
b. conflict.
c. apathy.
d. any of the choices
d. any of the choices
48
In middle adulthood, individuals use unique strategies to keep their siblings close to them, such as:
a. using affection in communications.
b. avoiding conflict when communicating.
c. fairly dividing parental caregiving responsibilities.
d. all of the choices
a. using affection in communications
49
Sibling relationships in adulthood can be a source of positive or negative exchanges and feelings.
a. True
b. False
a. True
50
In adulthood, friendships tend to have fewer negative qualities than relationships with partners and children.
a. True
b. False
a. True
51
Relationships with siblings remain relatively steady through middle adulthood.
a. True
b. False
a. True
52
The National Alliance for Caregiving is a useful resource because family caregivers don't always know how to provide:
a. emotional support (e.g., fears about being ill)
b. practical support (e.g., how to shower another)
c. medical support (e.g., how to make medical decisions).
d. all of the choices
.
| d. all of the choices
53
Middle-aged caregivers report that their role is:
a. stressful.
b. joyful.
c. both a and b
d. neither a nor b
c. both a and b
54
Commonly, a middle-aged family member takes on the role of ________________, the person who organizes family communication, maintains family traditions, and so on.
a. caretaker
b. manager
c. kinkeeper
d. overseer
a. caretaker
55
In middle adulthood, shifting into the caregiver role inverts the distribution of _______________ inherent in the parent–child relationship.
a. power
b. independence
c. authority
d. all of the choices
a. power
56
In middle adulthood, about ___ of adults are caring for both children and aging parents.
a. 15%
b. 35%
c. 50%
d. 65%
a. 15%
57
Those in middle adulthood, a time when individuals are often providing care for both their children and their aging parents, are referred to as the _____________________ generation.
a. Baby Boomer
b. sandwich
c. Greatest
d. “in-between
b.sandwich
58
Middle-aged caregivers are those who take responsibility for a family member with a chronic illness or someone who is approaching the natural end of life.
a. True
b. False
a. True
59
Middle adulthood is the life stage during which most adult children shift from support-recipients to support-givers in relation to their aging parents.
a. True
b. False
a. True
60
Some middle-aged adults continue to receive support from their aging parents.
a. True
b. False
a. True
61
When 56-year-old Alexis finally tried online dating, she wasn’t surprised to find that ____________ of middle-aged singles-looking-to-mingle had been divorced at least once.
a. only a small percentage
b. approximately 25%
c. over 50%
d. almost 90%
d. almost 90%
62
James is 60. Among his group of married friends, the majority of them have:
a. remarried.
b. been married for a long time to the same person.
c. divorced at least once.
d. divorced at least twice.
c. divorced at least once.
63
Individuals who identify as lesbian, gay, or bisexual who do get married are likely to experience less _____________ due to feeling marginalized.
a. financial stress
b. health stress
c. sexual stress
d. minority stress
a. financial stress
64
The effect of increased legal and social support for same-sex marriage is _________________, indicating that same-sex marriage is associated with _______________.
a. promising; mental health
b. promising; fewer health problems
c. disappointing; legal problems
d. disappointing; health problems
a. promising; mental health
65
A relatively recent partnership arrangement understood to be an alternative to remarriage in middle adulthood is:
a. cohabitation.
b. living with multiple roommates.
c. living in the same apartment building.
d. living together apart.
d. living together apart.
66
About ______ of middle-aged adults are remarried.
a. 5%
b. 20%
c. 40%
d. 60%
b. 20%
67
One difference between Marriage and Family Therapy (MFT) and Family Life Education (FLE) is that an MFT assumes that the therapeutic relationship will facilitate desired changes, whereas the FLE assumes that:
a. the therapeutic relationship cannot facilitate change.
b. the therapeutic relationship undermines change.
c. learning about family relationships will promote change.
d. learning about family relationships should not facilitate change.
c. learning about family relationships will promote change.
68
A couple that wants to learn about healthy relationships, learn new skills, and find ways to share their strengths are well suited to seek help from a:
a. psychiatrist.
b. marital and family therapist.
c. family life educator.
d. whole-life educator.
c. family life educator.
69
A couple that wants to reduce relationship problems or deal with mental illness are well suited to seek help from a:
a. psychiatrist.
b. marital and family therapist
c. family life educator.
d. whole-life educator.
b. marital and family therapist
70
In middle adulthood, couples seek help for a number of reasons, including:
a. resolving ambivalence.
b. reducing stress.
c. lack of intimacy and emotional distance.
d. all of the choices
d. all of the choices
71
Over the past two decades, the divorce rate has ________________ among middle-aged adults.
a. increased
b. decreased
c. held steady
d. fluctuated
b. decreased
72
by middle adulthood, approximately _____ of the population has been divorced.
a. 25%
b. 40%
c. 50%
d. 65%
a. 25%
73
Getting information about a middle-aged single person’s marital __________________ is essential before setting up your friend, who is certain to want to know: Has she been married before; if so, how long?; and how long has she been single?
a. dossier
b. biography
c. status
d. plans
b. biography
74
Childlessness at midlife has little, if any, influence on the well-being of:
a. men.
b. women.
c. neither a nor b; childlessness affects neither.
d. both a and b; childlessness affects them in the same way.
a. men.
75
In middle adulthood, the well-being of mothers is ______________ the well-being of women who never became mothers.
a. double
b. slightly higher than
c. lower than
d. the same as
d. the same as
76
By middle adulthood, approximately 50% of couples who married in their 20s are still married.
a. True
b. False
a. True
77
The majority of adults share the same marital status in middle adulthood.
a. True
b. False
b. False
78
In middle adulthood, women who never had children and will never have a biological child report ____________ negative feelings compared to women who have had at least one child.
a. significantly fewer
b. significantly more
c. slightly elevated
d. no differences in the level of
d. no differences in the level of
79
Pablo and Priscilla have three emerging adult children. They have mixed feelings about parenting their adult children. Their oldest son is established in his field and is doing well for himself. The middle son often requires a great deal of support and often confuses his parents because he is doing well sometimes, but at other times he is not. The youngest child has a number of personal problems, and the parents spend a great deal of time and other resources trying to help him. The counselor recognizes that Pablo and Priscilla are experiencing low well-being due to the fact that
a. they have too many children to care for.
b. there is a huge discrepancy between the highest and lowest functioning of their adult children.
c. they don’t get to spend enough time with their successful daughter.
d. midlife well-being of parents is associated with having even one adult child who has problems.
d. midlife well-being of parents is associated with having even one adult child who has problems.
80
Elizabeth prepared her children to navigate their own social worlds take responsibility for their school and work goals. Based on what you know about predictors of different reactions to launching adult children, it is most likely that Elizabeth feels a sense of _________________ with respect to her children and _______ with her husband.
a. pride; reconnection
b. loss; disconnection
c. disconnection; loneliness
d. loneliness; disconnection
a. pride; reconnection
81
Not all relationships between parents and their adult children are positive, and not all are negative. In fact, approximately _____ of adults report ___________, or mixed feelings about their relationships with their children.
a. 25%; relational ambivalence
b. 50%; relational ambivalence
c. 25%; relational apathy
d. 50%; relational apathy
b. 50%; relational ambivalence
82
In the United States, from 2000 to 2010, the rate of adult children living with their middle-aged parents had _______ by _________ .
a. decreased; 50%
b. decreased; 100%
c. increased; 50%
d. increased 100%
c. increased; 50%
83
The _______________ is a term used to describe feelings of distress and depression in midlife as a result of the loss of the parental role as a part of one’s identity.
a. launching stage
b. midlife crisis
c. empty nest syndrome
d. identity instability syndrome
c. empty nest syndrome
84
For the majority of families, middle adulthood intersects with the ______________phase of the family life cycle.
a. sunrise
b. gathering
c. launching
d. sunset
d. sunset
85
In middle adulthood, adults are parenting:
a. young children, elementary school age.
b. tweens, middle-school age.
c. teens and emerging adults.
d. any of the choices
d. any of the choices
86
Very few adults have their first baby in middle adulthood; almost 100% of first births take place by what age?
a. 37
b. 40
c. 42
d. 45
d. 45
87
When middle-aged parents launch adult children, this is often a trigger for loneliness and depression.
a. True
b. False
b. False
88
Developmental tasks of a family are typically organized by the age of the oldest child.
a. True
b. False
a. True
89
In middle adulthood, there are a wide-range of family arrangements, for example, married parents, stepfamilies, and adult children living with parents.
a. True
b. False
a. True
90
Alexis didn’t want to attend her uncle’s 60th birthday party because she didn't view him as a role model. Rather, she viewed him as an immature person due to his extreme:
a. self-centeredness.
b. self-indulgence.
c. self-sufficiency.
d. self-determination.
a. self-centeredness.
91
The redemptive self describes a pathway of someone’s life that begins with ______________ that sets an individual on a pathway toward generativity.
a. a flexible personality
b. a creative mind
c. financial resources
d. an innate strength
d. an innate strength
92
Generativity can be understood as
a. increasing sharply after emerging adulthood through middle adulthood.
b. increasing only at the beginning of middle adulthood.
c. peaking at the beginning of middle adulthood then decreases.
d. accelerating at the end of middle adulthood.
a. increasing sharply after emerging adulthood through middle adulthood.
93
The generative adult is someone who, earlier in his life, was able to:
a. take care of himself.
b. put others’ needs first.
c. balance investments in self and other.
d. gain social support.
c. balance investments in self and other.
94
According to McAdams, the emerging adulthood of the generative adult involves:
a. service or volunteer work.
b. focus on educational attainment.
c. development of a consistent worldview.
d. making connections with one’s community.
c. development of a consistent worldview
95
The generative adult, according to McAdams, was _________________ earlier in the lifespan.
a. exposed to suffering
b. was not exposed to suffering
c. financially stable
d. was not financially stable
a. exposed to suffering
96
The redemptive self describes ______________ adult generativity.
a. two factors related to
b. twelve factors predictive of
c. a pathway that leads to
d. a chance opportunity associated with
c. a pathway that leads to
97
An adult who can be described as “stagnating” is failing to successfully resolve the:
a. psychosocial crisis of middle adulthood.
b. psychodynamic crisis of middle adulthood.
c. identity crisis.
d. midlife crisis.
a. psychosocial crisis of middle adulthood.
98
In middle adulthood, a generative person has found a way to dedicate self to:
a. the health of society and future generations.
b. a financially rewarding career.
c. a large, intergenerational family.
d. a spiritual path.
a. the health of society and future generations.
99
According to Erikson, the psychosocial crisis of middle adulthood is generativity versus stagnation.
a. True
b. False
a. True
100
According to Erikson, the psychosocial crisis of middle adulthood is generativity versus stagnation.
a. True
b. False
a. True
101
Classmates who get together for their 30th high school reunion are likely to notice that since their 10th high school reunion, personalities of their friends have become:
a. more similar to others.
b. more different from others.
c. more easygoing.
d. less easygoing
c. more easygoing.
102
While some changes in personality in middle adulthood are associated with influences close to a person’s life __________________ also shapes personality development through middle adulthood.
a. social norms related to education and work
b. social norms related to gender roles
c. robustness of the economy
d. all of the choices
a. social norms related to education and work
103
In middle adulthood, spending time _____________________ can facilitate personality change consistent with the maturity principle.
a. eating dinner with family
b. connecting with self and others
c. shopping with friends
d. traveling in groups
b. connecting with self and others
104
Psychosocial development through middle adulthood follows the maturity principle, which explains why adults become:
a. less neurotic and more conscientious.
b. less neurotic and less conscientious.
c. more neurotic and less agreeable.
d. more agreeable and less conscientious.
a. less neurotic and more conscientious.
105
Personality traits and change in personality traits are associated with well-being, specifically, ___________________ in middle adulthood.
a. self-reported health and work absences
b. self-reported health and weight-loss goals
c. work absences and weight-loss goals
d. work absences and marital status
a. self-reported health and work absences
106
The __________ emerging adults choose has a significant influence on the way personality changes through middle adulthood.
a. type of university
b. type of summer internship
c. number of roommates
d. adult role commitments
c. number of roommates
107
Life events challenge and require construction of past ________________ about one’s own life, resulting in personality change in middle adulthood.
a. psychosocial deficits
b. psychosocial strengths
c. cognitive schemas
d. cognitive distortions
c. cognitive schemas
108
Significant life-altering events (e.g., divorce) encourage personality development because major life changes require:
a. dissonance.
b. divergence.
c. accommodation.
d. assimilation.
c. accommodation.
109
Compared to emerging and young adulthood, the Big Five traits are relatively:
a. absent.
b. dominant.
c. stable.
d. unsteady
c. stable.
110
Personality development in midlife is often an outcome of experiencing major life events.
a. True
b. False
a. True
111
Personality development continues into and through middle adulthood.
a. True
b. False
a. True
112
High allostatic load indicates that an individual has _________________ wear and tear.
a. avoided significant
b. avoided a small amount of
c. endured significant
d. avoided a small amount of
c. endured significant
113
When Sam’s mother experienced a divorce, became unemployed, lost her mother to cancer, and then had to launch her two adult children off to college all within 2 years, she knew that her __________________ was so high that she needed to take time to care for her health.
a. paleostatic load
b. allostatic load
c. cardiac dysregulation
d. endocrine dysregulation
b. allostatic load
114
```
When an external threat or attack is perceived, the body’s __________________________ is triggered.
a. stress load
b stress response
c. endocrine system
d. regulatory system
```
b stress response
115
115. Over _____ of adults who are stressed feel very satisfied with their everyday lives.
a. 20%
b. 40%
c. 60%
d. 80%
d. 80%
116
Over ____ of middle-aged adults report feeling that most days are quite a bit or extremely stressful.
a. 10%
b. 30%
c. 70%
d. 90%
b. 30%
117
In middle adulthood, stress is __________________ in emerging and young adulthood.
a. the same as
b. double the rate
c. higher than
d. lower than
c. higher than
118
High functional capacity involves healthy functioning of the:
a. digestive system.
b. endocrine system.
c. immune system.
d. all of the choices
d. all of the choices
119
During middle adulthood, the goal is to _____________ the highest level of functional capacity.
a. optimize
b. maintain
c. attain
d. achieve
b. maintain
120
All together, the fitness of physiological systems that regulate and maintain health and life determine an individual’s ___________________ capacity.
a. functional
b. physical
c. physiological
d. reproductive
a. functional
121
Health prior to midlife completely determines the health of an individual through middle adulthood.
a. True
b. False
b. False
122
The life course health approach focuses on both the development of disease and the promotion of health.
a. True
b. False
a. True
123
When Dr. Pablo reviewed Anna’s test results, he reported that she had _____________________ and told her that this was a sign of heart disease.
a. enlarged arteries
b. narrowed arteries
c. large arteries
d. small arteries
b. narrowed arteries
124
Heart disease becomes a risk in middle adulthood due to ________________ accumulating __________________.
a. plaque; in arteries
b. plaque; in veins
c. plaque; on teeth
d. plaque; between teeth
a. plaque; in arteries
125
Stress affects people differently. Middle-aged adults who _______________ stress are at great risk for heart disease, heart attack, and stroke.
a. absorb
b. reduce
c. avoid
d. treat
a. absorb
126
In middle adulthood, race is risk factor for heart disease and stress. Risk is higher for ___________________ compared to European Americans.
a. Asian Americans
b. African Americans
c. Hispanic Americans
d. Australians
b. African Americans
127
Heart disease increases risk for:
a. heart attack.
b. stroke.
c. both a and b
d. both a and b but only in men
c. both a and b
128
If a middle-aged adult wants to know his or her risk for heart disease, the first place to look is at the __________________ because this is where heart disease begins.
a. aorta
b. vena cava
c. blood vessels
d. veins
c. blood vessels
129
One significant risk factor associated with the likelihood of developing cancer in middle adulthood is:
a. lack of family history of cancer.
b. significant family history of cancer.
c. living in a society with high rates of cancer.
d. living in a society with low rates of cancer.
b. significant family history of cancer.
130
In middle adulthood, men are _______________ risk for heart disease compared to women.
a. at greater
b. at lower
c. more likely to reduce
d. more likely to increase
a. at greater
131
The second leading cause of death in middle adulthood is:
a. cancer.
b. heart disease.
c. respiratory disease.
d. accidents.
b. heart disease
132
The leading cause of death in middle adulthood is:
a. cancer.
b. heart disease.
c. respiratory disease.
d. accidents
a. cancer.
133
By middle adulthood, diseases are the biggest threat to health, in terms of risk for death.
a. True
b. False
a. True
134
Middle-aged adults are less likely to die from unintentional injury compared to emerging adults.
a. True
b. False
a. True
135
What Jen found most difficult about her father “coming out” after 40 years of marriage to her mother is that none of her friends could relate to her experience, a reflection of the fact that “coming out”:
a. in middle adulthood is rare.
b. in middle adulthood is a “guy thing.”
c. in middle adulthood is unnecessary.
d. is a private experience.
a. in middle adulthood is rare.
136
Forty-three-year-old Sarah was shocked to learn that she was pregnant when she met with her OBGYN to review her blood work results. Sarah is in what stage of menopause?
a. postmenopause
b. perimenopause
c. premenopause
d. unknown from the information provided
c. premenopause
137
The closest equivalent to menopause in women is _______________ in men.
a. testosterone depletion
b. erectile dysfunction
c. adrenal dysfunction
d. andropause
d. andropause
138
Approximately ___of women experience some physical symptoms along with menopause.
a. 25%
b. 33%
c. 50%
d. 66%
d. 66%
139
_________________ hormone cycles mark the beginning of menopause.
a. Stability
b. Predictability
c. Fewer
d. Dysregulated
d. Dysregulated
140
The timing of menopause;
a. takes place over a number of years.
b. takes more than a decade.
c. can be controlled by birth control pills.
d. can be controlled by a healthy diet.
a. takes place over a number of years.
141
_________________ signals the end of the reproductive life cycle for women.
a. Andropause
b. Menopause
c. Estrogen depletion
d. Progesterone depletion
b. Menopause
142
In middle adulthood, for many, sexual interest and desire for intimacy:
a. ceases.
b. increases.
c. decreases.
d. remains the same.
d. remains the same.
143
In middle adulthood, reproductive changes take place in both physical and psychological domains.
a. True
b. False
a. True
144
In middle adulthood, changes in the reproductive system are more pronounced and obvious in women.
a. True
b. False
a. True
145
There are gender differences in reproductive changes in middle adulthood.
a. True
b. False
a. True
146
Middle-aged adults can improve their diets if they eliminate:
a. sodium.
b. sodium and fats.
c. sodium, fats, and sugar.
d. sodium, fats, sugar, and refined grains.
d. sodium, fats, sugar, and refined grains.
147
Middle-aged adults who want to improve their diets should not only plan to eat healthy foods, but should also:
a. accept their genetic tendencies.
b. test for allergies to certain foods.
c. eliminate bad eating habits.
d. eat at the same times every day
c. eliminate bad eating habits
148
Other than fruits and vegetables, “What’s on My Plate” guidelines for nutritious eating suggest each meal should include:
a. lean protein.
b. whole grain.
c. low-fat dairy.
d. any of the choices
d. any of the choices
149
According to “What’s on My Plate” guidelines for middle-aged adults, 50% of each meal should come from:
a. fruits.
b. vegetables.
c. both fruits and vegetables.
d. a majority of vegetable and a few fruits.
d. a majority of vegetable and a few fruits.
150
In middle adulthood, rigorous physical exercise:
a. improves cognitive functioning.
b. strengthens the cardiovascular system.
c. both a and b
d. neither a nor b
c. both a and b
151
Rates of obesity in adults _______________ from 1990 to 2010.
a. fluctuated
b. stayed the same
c. decreased
d. increased
d. increased
152
According to the American College of Sports Medicine, middle-aged adults should exercise for a minimum of ___ minutes a day 5 days a week or vigorously for ___minutes 3 days a week.
a. 60; 30
b. 45; 30
c. 30; 20
d. 30; 15
c. 30; 20
153
Globesity refers to the trend describing ___________________ around the globe.
a. variation in rates of obesity
b. high rates of obesity
c. overreporting health stories about obesity
d. overreacting to health stories about obesity
b. high rates of obesity
154
Obesity is a health crisis in middle adulthood, a health statistic that is unique to the United States.
a. True
b. False
b. False
155
In the United States, more than two-thirds of adults are overweight.
a. True
b. False
a. True
156
Changes in hormones have a significant influence on well-being in middle adulthood.
a. True
b. False
a. True
157
If middle-aged Ellison, now a successful lawyer, wants to change careers to become a master chef, she has the potential to do that if she:
a. can tolerate being a novice in a new field.
b. is willing to appreciate what she’ll learn from being an initiate, despite the low prestige.
c. is able to learn from others who know more than she does.
d. all of the choices
d. all of the choices
158
Experts are able to do __________________tasks effortlessly.
a. complex
b. stressful
c. routine
d. simple
c. routine
159
Recognition-primed decision making refers to the ability of an individual to make decisions quickly due to the ability to _____________________ about a situation.
a. recognize the most relevant features
b. recognize the least relevant features
c. ignore others’ opinions
d. integrate others’ opinions
a. recognize the most relevant features
160
According to researcher Peter Fadde, the key ingredient in expertise is:
a. recognition-based goal setting.
b. recognition-based decision making.
c. recognition-primed decision making.
d. recognition-primed goal setting.
c. recognition-primed decision making.
161
In order, the four stages of knowledge attainment an individual must pass through to achieve expertise are: novice, initiate, apprentice, journeyman.
a. True
b. False
a. True
162
In terms of developing expertise, “Master” is the highest stage.
a. True
b. False
a. True
163
An adult who is considered an expert has reached a high level of skills and knowledge in a specific area or on a specific topic.
a. True
b. False
a. True
164
Mental health promotion programs for middle-aged adults may train them to use SOC strategies to:
a. set retirement goals.
b. make healthy choices about how to spend their time and money.
c. neither a nor b
d. both a and b
d. both a and b
165
Which of the following can we predict as an outcome of skillful ability to use SOC strategies in middle adulthood?
a. mental health
b. healthy relationships
c. feeling financially prepared for the retirement years ahead
d. all of the choices
d. all of the choices
166
For the majority of individuals, in middle adulthood, the life domain most important to them is:
a. family.
b. health.
c. work.
d. friends.
a. family.
167
In response to the stress associated with being part of the “sandwich generation,” SOC can be particularly useful in helping middle-aged adults deal with the competing demands of:
a. work and plans for retirement.
b. caring for children and parents.
c. work and household chores.
d. household chores and marriage.
b. caring for children and parents
168
In Baltes’s SOC model, the “C” refers to the process of _____________________ goals so that they are a better match with one’s ability to achieve them.
a. identifying goals that are reasonable
b. achieving a high level of education
c. applying effort and investment of resources
d. earning a high income
d. earning a high income
169
In Baltes’s SOC model, the “O” refers to the process of _____________________in a way that moves a person closer to selected goals.
a. identifying goals that are reasonable
b. achieving a high level of education
c. applying effort and investment of resources
d. earning a high income
c. applying effort and investment of resources
170
In Baltes’s SOC model the “S” refers to the process of _________________________, depending on one’s capacities.
a. identifying goals that are reasonable
b. establishing healthy connections
c. achieving a high level of education
d. earning a high income
a. identifying goals that are reasonable
171
Baltes’s meta-theory identifies these processes associated with optimal aging: selection:
a. operation and cooperation.
b. operation and compensation.
c. optimization and cooperation.
d. optimization and compensation
c. optimization and cooperation.
172
Development through middle adulthood involves gains and losses.
a. True
b. False
a. True
173
Stress in middle adulthood has the capacity to undermine cognitive functioning.
a. True
b. False
a. True
174
Middle-aged adults have the potential to influence their own cognitive ability by selecting into experiences that either enhance or undermine their capacities.
a. True
b. False
a. True
175
Managers should recognize a significantly greater potential for middle-aged adults to outperform emerging adults on work that benefits from:
a. use of reasoning and logic.
b. application of accumulated knowledge.
c. reliance on perceptual speed.
d. reliance on numeric ability.
b. application of accumulated knowledge.
176
In the Seattle Longitudinal Study, the most dramatic decrease in a specific domain is in ____________________ which actually begins to significantly decrease in emerging adulthood.
a. inductive reasoning
b. perceptual speed
c. verbal ability
d. numeric ability
b. perceptual speed
177
According to findings from the Seattle Longitudinal Study, when different age groups are compared in a cross-sectional analysis, two types of cognitive abilities peak in middle adulthood before decreasing:
a. inductive reasoning and spatial orientation.
b. spatial orientation and perceptual speed.
c. numerical and verbal ability.
d. numerical ability and verbal memory.
c. numerical and verbal ability.
178
According to findings from the Seattle Longitudinal Study, when different age groups are compared in a cross-sectional analysis, most cognitive abilities are highest in ________________ compared to middle adulthood.
a. adolescence
b. emerging adulthood
c. young adulthood
d. later adulthood
b. emerging adulthood
179
According to findings from the Seattle Longitudinal Study, when individuals were followed across time, findings indicated that general cognitive ability remained the same until about age:
a. 45.
b. 50.
c. 55.
d. 60.
d. 60.
180
Findings from the Seattle Longitudinal Study indicate that cognitive losses in middle age are ___________________ relative to cognitive declines that we see in later adulthood.
a. significant
b. mild
c. neither a nor b
d. both a and b
b. mild
181
We can find numerous examples of __________________ contributing to successes in middle adulthood.
a. crystallized intelligence
b. fluid intelligence
c. both a and b
d. neither a nor b
c. both a and b
182
Crystallized intelligence increases through emerging and young adulthood and then _____________________________ through middle adulthood.
a. continues to increase
b. decreases rapidly
c. decreases slowly
d. fluctuates
a. continues to increase
183
Fluid intelligence and crystallized intelligence describe the different ways that middle-aged men and women process information, respectively.
a. True
b. False
b. False
184
One single theory of intelligence dominates our understanding of differences in cognitive ability in middle adulthood.
a. True
b. False
b. False
185
Fluid intelligence refers to reasoning ability and logic.
a. True
b. False
a. True
186
When Sally, age 57, was referred to an auditory specialist for more comprehensive evaluation and education about her hearing loss, she learned that:
a. there are various types of hearing loss.
b. some hearing loss can be corrected and some cannot.
c. many people choose not to have their hearing corrected.
d. all of the choices
d. all of the choices
187
To meet the needs of a vacation cruise designed to support the health and well-being of middle-aged adults, the chef prepared food that is:
a. highly seasoned, very low salt.
b. highly seasoned, relying mostly on salt.
c. bland, low seasoning including low salt.
d. bland, low seasoning, optional salt.
a. highly seasoned, very low salt.
188
Through middle age, individuals experience a decrease in sensitivity in their taste buds and olfactory cells, which results in a loss of sensitivity to the _____________ of food.
a. texture
b. flavor
c. temperature
d. nutritional value
b. flavor
189
In middle adulthood, hearing decline is:
a. absolute.
b. unavoidable.
c. slow.
d. fast.
c. slow.
190
When the doctor diagnoses his middle-aged patient with myopia, this helps the man understand why he:
a. can see things close to his face but not far.
b. cannot see things close to his face, but can see things that are far to his face, but an easy time seeing things far.
c. needs glasses to see near and far.
d. no longer needs glasses.
a. can see things close to his face but not far.
191
When the doctor diagnoses this middle-aged woman with presbyopia, this helps the woman understand why she has been having:
a. increased difficulty reading food labels at the grocery store.
b. difficulty reading road signs while driving.
c. difficulty hearing her husband over breakfast.
d. difficulty hearing the television.
a. increased difficulty reading food labels at the grocery store.
192
Vision becomes less accurate in middle age, but hearing becomes less accurate only in later adulthood, after age 60.
a. True
b. False
b. False
193
In middle adulthood, individuals become more sensitive and better able to discriminate incoming stimuli.
a. True
b. False
b. False
194
Sight, hearing, smell, and taste all change during middle adulthood.
a. True
b. False
a. True
195
When a middle-aged woman complains to her hair stylist that the hair dye she is using is not as effective as it used to be, a hair stylist who understands aging processes can explain that aging hair has _______so hair requires _____________ hair dye.
a. more melanin; darker
b. less melanin; lighter
c. less melanin; more
d. more melanin; less
c. less melanin; more
196
If a middle-aged adult wants to keep her skin soft and elastic, the most benefit is derived from:
a. flexibility exercise, such as yoga.
b. water exercise, such as swimming.
c. exercise that produces sweat.
d. exercise that does not produce sweat.
c. exercise that produces sweat.
197
In middle adulthood, hair color changes are due to aging processes that produce _________________ melanin after each hair loss cycle.
a. less
b. more
c. lighter
d. darker
a. less
198
Due to a reduction in the efficiency of processes that contribute to skin health, aging skin:
a. has more wrinkles.
b. begins to droop.
c. both a and b
d. neither a nor b
c. both a and b
199
In middle adulthood, hair changes include:
a. accelerated hair loss.
b. reduction in pigmentation.
c. slower hair regrowth.
d. all of the choices
d. all of the choices
200
Elasticity of the skin changes due to decreased productivity in the __________ glands.
a. collagen
b. adrenal
c. exocrin
d. sebaceous
d. sebaceous
201
In middle adulthood, the elasticity of the skin:
a. increases.
b. decreases.
c. remains the same.
d. fluctuates.
b. decreases.
202
With respect to middle adulthood, aging results in skin changes in the:
a. dermis.
b. epidermis.
c. both a and b
d. neither a nor b
c. both a and b
203
In middle adulthood, skin changes in the ________________ are visible to self and others.
a. dermis
b. epidermis
c. both a and b
d. neither a nor b
b. epidermis
204
When a middle-aged adult is concerned about changes in her skin, there is no need to seek medical attention.
a. True
b. False
b. False
205
Midlife is a life stage when adults are likely to first notice changes to their skin, for example, age spots, liver spots, and solar lentigines.
a. True
b. False
a. True
206
When Shelley, a nurse, recognized that her father was having difficulty picking up the toy his infant granddaughter dropped on the floor and also had difficulty holding on tightly to the coffee pot, she recognized this as a sign of:
a. poor grip strength and diabetes.
b. poor grip strength and impaired general health.
c. impaired ability to focus on a task.
d. impaired ability to provide self-care.
b. poor grip strength and impaired general health.
207
When Juan, a doctor, attended his 40th high school reunion and received so many firm handshakes from his friends, he was able to feel good knowing that they:
a. didn't have any chronic diseases.
b. didn't have cancer.
c. had been exercising.
d. had many years of life to live.
c. had been exercising
208
many middle-aged adults don't feel that they have a great deal of extra time, but they can achieve health benefits via weight-bearing exercise, such as:
a. doing yard work.
b. working from home.
c. doing aqua aerobics.
d. cycling to work
a. doing yard work.
209
While middle-aged adults may lose concentric strength, they may actually gain:
a. length.
b. flexibility.
c. density.
d. tone.
b. flexibility.
210
Muscle strength, particularly when measured by _______________, is an indicator of general health in middle adulthood.
a. weight a person can bench press
b. number of push-ups
c. grip strength
d. core strength
c. grip strength
211
During middle adulthood, individuals begin to experience sarcopenia, age-related _______________________ loss.
a. muscle
b. bone
c. flexibility
d. range-of-motion
a. muscle
212
An example of the type of activity that has the greatest potential to reduce bone density loss in middle adulthood is:
a. running.
b. cycling.
c. swimming.
d. none of the choices
a. running.
213
Compared to women, men maintain higher levels of bone density in middle adulthood because they achieve greater bone density prior to middle adulthood.
a. True
b. False
a. True
214
In middle adulthood, bone loss begins to outpace bone repair.
a. True
b. False
a. True
215
In women, bone density declines as a function of:
a. normative aging
b. menopause
c. both a and b
d. neither a nor b
c. both a and b
216
Living at home after he graduated college, John wondered whether his mother was experiencing cognitive aging because she often:
a. felt flustered when there was more than one activity going on in the house at the same time.
b. had difficulty making decisions about when or where to go grocery shopping.
c. was angry when she realized she had made plans and then forgot.
d. all of the choices
d. all of the choices
217
Following the principle, “last to develop, first to disappear” adults who lose more brain volume in middle adulthood are most likely to show declines in:
a. regulatory functions.
b. executive functioning skills.
c. language.
d. creativity
b. executive functioning skills
218
____________ in middle adulthood is a health risk factor associated with cognitive aging.
a. Heroin use
b. Pregnancy
c. Gluten
d. Obesity
d. Obesity
219
If developmentalists can learn how to stimulate neurogenesis in middle adulthood, we may be able to find new ways to _________________ cognitive diseases, such as, Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s.
a. prevent
b. predict
c. double
d. understand
a. prevent
220
In middle adulthood, _________________ facilitates brain recovery following insult, such as mild stroke.
a. neurodevelopment
b. neuropathy
c. neurogenesis
d. neurostimulation
c. neurogenesis
221
Poor health habits, for example, smoking, are associated with _______________ brain shrinkage in brain matter volume during middle adulthood.
a. greater
b. slower
c. accelerated
d. delayed
a. greater
222
Decreases in white matter in middle adulthood indicate a reduction in neural:
a. connectivity.
b. lateralization.
c. plasticity.
d. speed.
a. connectivity.
223
Brain scans through middle adulthood show evidence of decreases in:
a. white matter volume.
b. gray matter volume.
c. total brain volume.
d. all of the choices
d. all of the choices
224
Most people show some signs of physiological decline in their brain ________________ middle adulthood.
a. prior to
b. during
c. after
d. all of the choices
b. during
225
In middle adulthood, there remains opportunity to have a positive influence on one’s own health by eating healthy and exercising.
a. True
b. False
a. True
226
Middle adulthood refers to the midpoint of one’s life expectancy, the average number of years a person can expect to live.
a. True
b. False
a. True
227
The ages that correspond with middle adulthood are different between countries due to the fact that there are extreme differences in ___________________ between countries.
a. life stages
b. life expectancy
c. the lifespan
d. the life course
b. life expectancy
