Unit 3 AOS 2: Glossary

Question 1

What does Catabolic mean?

Answer 1

describes a type of an enzyme of a chemical reaction to that releases energy and involves breaking down molecules into smaller components

Question 2

what does Anabolic mean?

Answer 2

describes a type of chemical reaction that requires energy and involves constructing molecules from simpler components

Question 3

what is a enzyme?

Answer 3

a type of protein, also referred to as a biological catalyst, that speeds up reactions within an organism by lowering activation energy

Question 4

what is a substrate?

Answer 4

a molecule that binds to the active site of an enzyme and than takes part in a reaction; also referred to as a reactant

Question 5

What is a catalyst?

Answer 5

a substance that increase the rate of a reaction by lowering the activation energy and providing an alternative pathway

Question 6

what is activation energy?

Answer 6

the minimum amount of energy required for a reaction to proceed.

Question 7

What is active site?

Answer 7

the region of an enzyme where the substrate binds for a chemical reaction to take place

Question 8

What is a Allosteric site?

Answer 8

a binding site on an enzyme, where molecules other than the substrate may bind

Question 9

What is a coenzyme?

Answer 9

an organic molecule that contains carbon and bind to enzymes to help them function; examples are NADP, NAD and FAD

Question 10

What is denaturation?

Answer 10

the process by which a protein loses its 3D conformational structure through breaking of hydrogen bonds, caused by an external stress such as temperature or pH

Question 11

What is an enzyme saturation

Answer 11

the point at which the rate of reaction reaches a maximum, with no further increase at a specific enzyme concentration

Question 12

what is competitive inhibition?

Answer 12

the process of disrupting the function of an enzyme by blocking its active site with a molecule other than the substrate

Question 13

What is non-competitive inhibition?

Answer 13

the process of disrupting the function of an enzyme through molecule binding to another site on the enzyme, which alters the shape of the active site in such a way that the substrate cannot bind

Question 14

what is an inhibitor?

Answer 14

A molecule that is involved in disrupting the function of an enzyme, either directly (competitive) or indirectly (non-competitive)

Question 15

What is an autotroph?

Answer 15

an organism that synthesises its own organic material (food), by capturing light energy and taking in inorganic compounds from its physical environment, to meet its energy needs (auto=self, troph = food)

Question 16

What is photosynthesis?

Answer 16

a chemical reaction in which light energy is used to convert the inorganic compounds carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O) into the compound glucose; occurs in the chloroplast (photo=light, synthesis=build or put together)

Question 17

What is heterotroph?

Answer 17

An organism that ingests organic materials by feeding an autotrophs or on other organism and their products, in order to convert energy into the form of energy stored in ATP (hetero =other troph = food)

Question 18

What is ATP (adenosine triphosphate)

Answer 18

the main immediate source of chemical energy in a cell, powering most cellular process; when a phosphate group is removed energy is released and ADP is formed

Question 19

What is cellular respiration?

Answer 19

a series of chemical reactions in which the organic compound glucose is broken down, producing various products (depending on presence or absence of oxygen) and energy stored in ATP

Question 20

What is Chlorophyll?

Answer 20

the green pigment on the thylakoid membranes of the chloroplasts of green plants; absorbs light energy for photosynthesis

Question 21

What is the Granum?

Answer 21

(plural grana) a stack of thylakoid membrane inside the chloroplast of plant and algae

Question 22

What is a thylakoid membrane?

Answer 22

disc-shaped interconnected membrane-bound compartments inside a chloroplast that make up the grana and are the location of the pigment chlorophyll, and the site of the light dependent stage of photosynthesis

Question 23

What is stroma?

Answer 23

the gel-like fluid inside a chloroplast which surrounds the grana; site of the light independent stage of photosynthesis

Question 24

What is the light dependent stage?

Answer 24

the first stage of photosynthesis; occurs in the thylakoid membranes and involves the splitting of water using light energy

Question 25

What is the light-independent stage?

Answer 25

the second stage of photosynthesis; occurs in the stroma of the chloroplast and involves the use of carbon dioxide to create glucose; also called the Calvin Cycle or carbon fixation

Question 26

What is photolysis?

Answer 26

the splitting of water using the light energy from the sun

Question 27

What is ADP (adenosine diphosphate)?

Answer 27

a compound composed of adenosine and two phosphate groups that can store energy when another inorganic phosphate group is added, forming ATP

Question 28

What is NADP+?

Answer 28

a coenzyme that accepts and transfers hydrogen ions from one place to another during photosynthesis

Question 29

What is RuBP?

Answer 29

ribulose bisphosphate a 5C (five-carbon) compound that combines with carbon dioxide at the start of the Calvin Cycle of photosynthesis to from PGA

Question 30

What is Rubisco?

Answer 30

RuBP carboxylase an enzyme that catalyst the formation of PGA by fixing carbon dioxide to RuBP during the Calvin Cycle of photosynthesis

Question 31

What is PGA?

Answer 31

3-phosphoglycerate a 3C (three carbon) compound formed when the enzyme Rubisco catalyst the attachment of a carbon from carbon dioxide to RuBP during the Calvin Cycle of photosynthesis

Question 32

What is PGAL?

Answer 32

glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate, a 3C (three-carbon) sugar that leads to the formation of glucose and regenerates RuBP in the process to continue the Calvin Cycle

Question 33

what is rate?

Answer 33

the speed at which a process occurs quickly the reactants are used up and the products are created.

Question 34

what is the limiting factor?

Answer 34

any factor that slows down the rate of photosynthesis when there is not enough of it. e.g carbon dioxide, water, chlorophyll and light energy

Question 35

what are C3 plants?

Answer 35

plants that fix CO2 from the atmosphere to form 3-phosphoglycerate of PGA, which contains three carbon atoms are better suited to cooler and temperture climates; e.g rice, wheat, soybeans and cotton

Question 36

what is photorespiration

Answer 36

the series of reactions that occur as a consequence of Rubisco using O2 as a substrates instead of CO2; an inefficient process that cannot produce glucose

Question 37

What are C4 plants?

Answer 37

plants that fix CO2 to form malate, which contains four carbon atoms, better suited to grasslands; e.g maize, sugar caine

Question 38

What are CAM plants?

Answer 38

plants that fix CO2 to form malate, which contains four carbon atoms; better suited to deserts; e.g are cacti and pineapples

Question 39

What is an energy shuttle?

Answer 39

the cycling between the formation of ATP when energy is stored and the formation of ADP and P, when energy is released; also known as the ATP-ADP cycle

Question 40

What is Glycolysis?

Answer 40

the first stage of cellular respiration, where glucose is broken down into two pyruvate molecules in the cytosol, producing 2 ATP and 2 NADH; does not require oxygen

Question 41

What is Aerobic Cellular Respiration?

Answer 41

cellular respiration that occurs in the presence of oxygen and involves the transformation of the chemical energy stored in glucose into ATP; includes the Krebs Cycle and the electron transport chain, which occur in the mitochondria

Question 42

What is Anaerobic cellular respiration?

Answer 42

cellular respiration that occurs in the absence of oxygen and involves the transformation of the chemical energy stored in glucose into 2 ATP; the products depend on the type of organism carrying out the process

Question 43

What is NAD+?

Answer 43

a coenzyme that accepts hydrogen ions and transfers them from one place to another during cellular respiration

Question 44

What is Crista?

Answer 44

a fold in the inner membrane of a mitochondrion and site of the third stage of aerobic cellular respiration, the electron transport chain

Question 45

What is the matrix?

Answer 45

the fluid component of a mitochondrion and site of the second stage of aerobic cellular respiration, the Krebs cycle

Question 46

What is ATP synthase?

Answer 46

an enzyme responsible for catalysing the formation of ATP from ADP and Pi

Question 47

What is fermentation?

Answer 47

the process by which glucose is broken down in the absence of oxygen to produce 2 ATP; also called anaerobic cellular respiration

Question 48

What is CRISPR-CAS 9?

Answer 48

an immune system in bacteria that uses CRISPR nucleotides sequences and the Cas9 DNA-cutting enzyme, also modified for use a genome editing tool

Question 49

What is Cas9?

Answer 49

an endonuclease (enzyme) that cuts DNA at a specific point determined by the guide RNA (gRNA)

Question 50

What is genome editing?

Answer 50

the insertion, removal or replacement of DNA within the genome of a living organism

Question 51

What is biofuel?

Answer 51

fuel produced from biomass; usually liquid

Question 52

What is biomass?

Answer 52

an organic material, including plant material, animal by-products microbes and water material; produced by many different industries

Question 53

What is first-generation biofuel?

Answer 53

a biofuel produced from edible feedstocks, e.g starch and glucose from plants like corn and sugar cane

Question 54

What is second-generation biofuel?

Answer 54

a biofuel produced from non-edible feedstocks, e.g cellulose and other fibrous plant materials derived from crop residues, straw and municipal waste.