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Biology Unit 3/4 > Unit 4: AOS 2: Glossary > Flashcards

Unit 4: AOS 2: Glossary Flashcards

1
Q

What is a genotype?

A

the genetic make-up or the combination of alleles for a particular gene of an organism

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2
Q

What is a Phenotype?

A

a physical characteristic determined by genotype and environment

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3
Q

What is Genetic diversity?

A

the genetic variability within a spices

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4
Q

What are adaptations?

A

the behavioural, physiological and structural features of an organism that help them survive in an environment

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5
Q

What is a population?

A

a group of individuals of the same species living in the same region at a given time

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6
Q

What are species?

A

a group of organisms that can interbreed, producing fertile and viable offspring

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7
Q

What is a gene pool?

A

the sum total of alleles present in a population of organisms

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8
Q

What is an Allele frequency?

A

the porpution of a particular allele within a population

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9
Q

What is evolution?

A

a change in the allele frequencies if a population over time

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10
Q

What is a mutation?

A

A permanent change in the nucleotide sequence of a section of DNA

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11
Q

What is a mutagenic agent?

A

agents known to cause mutations; e.g some radiation source and chemicals; also called mutagens

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12
Q

What is point mutation?

A

a change to one base in the nucleotide sequence of a section of DNA; includes base substitutions and frameshift mutations

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13
Q

What is Substitution mutation?

A

a type of point mutation that occurs when one nitrogenous base in a gene is replaced with another base; includes silent, missense and nonsense mutations

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14
Q

What is a silent mutation?

A

a mutation where the change in the nucleotide sequence doesn’t change the amino acid that is coded for

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15
Q

What is a Missenese mutation?

A

a mutation in which the base change in the nucleotide sequence of the DNA changes the amino acid that is coded for; a type of substitution point mutation

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16
Q

What is nonsense mutation?

A

a mutation that occurs when the base changes in the nucleotide sequence of the DNA codes for a STOP codon, prematurely halting the production of the polypeptide; a type of substitution point mutation

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17
Q

What is frameshift mutation?

A

a type of point mutation that occurs when one base is inserted into or deleted, causing an incorrect reading of the codons due to a shift in the reading frame

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18
Q

What is block mutation?

A

a type of mutation that affects large sections of DNA, typically containing multiple genes; also called chromosome mutation

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19
Q

What is Chromosome abnormality?

A

mutation that involves a whole chromosome, or a change in the number of chromosomes, which can be identifies using a karyotype; e.g aneuploidy and polyploidy

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20
Q

What is Karyotype?

A

a pictorial representation of chromosomes that allows a geneticist to determine size, banding pattern, shape and number of chromosomes in an individual’s somatic cell; allows the determination of diploid number, gender and chromosomal abnormalities

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21
Q

What is a Aneuploidy?

A

when a cell has one more or one less chromosome than expected, usually due to non-disjunction

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22
Q

What is Polyploidy?

A

a condition in which an organism has more than 2 full sets of chromosomes in its cells; more common in plants than animals

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23
Q

What is gene flow?

A

the exchange of genetic information, specifically alleles, between populations

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24
Q

What is genetic drift?

A

a random change in allele frequency, occurring naturally in every population, due to chance events

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25
Q

What is the Bottleneck effect

A

when a population is drastically reduced to low numbers by a random or chance event and the allele frequencies of the surviving population do not reflect the genetic diversity of the original population

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26
Q

What is the founder effect?

A

when a small sample of a large population moves away to colonise a new area and become isolated; the allele frequencies of the founder population do not represent the genetic diversity of the larger original population

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27
Q

What are selection pressures?

A

the conditions or factors that influence allele frequencies in a population by contributing to the selection of which phenotypes survive in a given environment e.g resources, environmental conditions, predators and disease

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28
Q

What is natural selection?

A

an evolutionary process whereby those individuals in a population that have a particular set of alleles are best suited to the environment and will survive, reproduce and pass on their genetic information to the next generation

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29
Q

What is selective advantage?

A

a trait or phenotype that provides a survival advantage

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30
Q

What is selective breeding or artificial selection

A

a process whereby humans intervene in the breeding of a species to keep desired features in a population that are economically beneficial or aesthetically pleasing, by selecting which organisms are to reproduce

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31
Q

What is bacterial resistance?

A

the ability of bacteria to survive and reproduce in the presence of an antibiotic that has been designed to slow their growth or kill them; arises by mutation and becomes widespread when antibiotics are overused

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32
Q

Whaat is conjugation?

A

the process by which genetic material is exchanged between a donor bacterium; occurs through a tube via direct cell-cell contact; also known as horizontal gene transfer

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33
Q

What is a pandemic?

A

the outbreak of infectious disease that occurs over a wide geographical area, affecting a large number of people

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34
Q

What is a epidemic?

A

the raid spread of an infectious disease to a large number of people within a population

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35
Q

What is antigenic drift?

A

mutations altering viral surface antigens, making the virus unrecognisable to the host’s immune system; can result in a epidemic

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36
Q

What is antigenic shift?

A

reassortment of genes on genomes from different viruses infecting the same host cell, altering viral surface antigens, resulting in novel strains that can cause pandemics

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37
Q

What does fertile mean?

A

able to reproduce

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38
Q

what does viable mean?

A

able to survive

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39
Q

What does speciation mean?

A

the evolutionary process of forming a new species from a pre-existing ancestral species

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40
Q

what does reproductive isolation mean?

A

the inability of two groups of organisms to interbreed successfully; genetic isolation also ensures there is no gene flow between the two populations

41
Q

what does allopatric speciation mean?

A

a form of speciation that occurs when a geographical barrier physically divides a population; the two sub-populations accumulate so many genetic differences that they become reproductively isolated and are considered different species

42
Q

What does sympatric speciation mean?

A

a form of speciation that occurs without the involvement of a physical barrier; often occurs in plants as a consequence of polyploidy.

43
Q

What does divergent evolution mean?

A

where two or more species form from a single ancestral species over time

44
Q

What is adaptive radiation?

A

the rapid diversification of a large number of related species from a single ancestral species

45
Q

What are plate tectonics?

A

a scientific theory that focus on the separation of earth’s crust into plates that move across the underlaying mantle

46
Q

What is the geological time scale?

A

a scale dividing earth’s history into intervals according to the geological and biological events and conditions present at that time

47
Q

what does biodiversity mean?

A

the variety of plant and animal like in an ecosystem at any given time

48
Q

what does period mean?

A

a time interval characterised by specific rock layers; periods are subdivisions of eras

49
Q

what is an era?

A

a subdivision of an eon

50
Q

what is a eon?

A

a long period of time that consists of at least two eras

51
Q

what is a supereon?

A

a period of geological time that consists of more than one eon

52
Q

What is a cyanobacteria?

A

a group of prokaryotic microorganisms that are capable of photosynthesis; recognised as the earliest form of life on Earth

53
Q

What is a stromatolite?

A

a structure that consists of layered deposits made by cyanobacterial colonies; fossilised stromatolites are among the earliest fossils known

54
Q

What is an invertabrate?

A

an organism that does not have a backbone

55
Q

What is a Cambrian explosion?

A

a rapid increase in complex biodiversity within the fossil record that occurred at the beginning of the Cambrian period

56
Q

What is a arthropod?

A

a type of animal that has no internal backbone, a segmented body and a hard, external covering known as an exoskeleton

57
Q

What is a Brachiopod?

A

a marine animal with no internal backbone and a hinged upper and lower shell

58
Q

What is a chrodate?

A

any animal that contain evidence of a spinal cord at some point in its developement

59
Q

What is vertebrate?

A

having a backbone

60
Q

What is a myriapod?

A

a subphylum of mostly terrestrial arthropods including millipedes, centipedes and other ‘many-legged’ invertebrates

61
Q

What is a tetrapod?

A

any vertebrate animals that has four legs or limb-like e.g amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals

62
Q

What are amphilbians?

A

a class of tetrapods that are semi-terrestrial, with young living in water before moving to land as adults; e.g frogs, toads and salamanders

63
Q

What are reptiles?

A

a class of air-breathing tetrapods with skin covered in scales, that lay eggs on land

64
Q

What is a niche?

A

the role that a species plays within a ecosystem?

65
Q

What is the background extinction rate?

A

the normal extinction rate to be expected to occur over a period of time due to natural environmental factors

66
Q

What is a fossil?

A

the remains or traces of a pre-existing life form

67
Q

What is a fossil record?

A

a record of organisms that once lived, through geological time, as documented by fossils

68
Q

what is a trace fossil?

A

fossilised signs or remains of an organism’s activity, e.g tracks

69
Q

What is a petrification?

A

the replacement of an organism’s organic matter with minerals, turning it into a stony material.

70
Q

What is a mould fossil?

A

an impression that forms from the decay of the organism within a rock

71
Q

What is a cast fossil?

A

fossil formed when an organism decays, leaving an impression which fills, with minerals, resulting in a 3D object of the organism’s external surface

72
Q

What is a sedimentary rock?

A

a type of rock that is formed from the accumulation of sediment into layers

73
Q

What is a metamorphic rock?

A

a type of rock that arises from the transforming of existing rocks

74
Q

What is absolute dating?

A

determines the actual age of specimen being analysed

75
Q

What is relative dating?

A

determines the age of a specimen by comparing its placement with that of other fossils or the rock layers it is found in

76
Q

What is a index fossil?

A

a fossil that is used ti date and correlate the strata within which it is found

77
Q

What is a half-life?

A

the time taken for 50% of an unstable parent isotope to decay into its corresponding stable daughter isotope

78
Q

What is a homologous structure?

A

a structure within a group of species that performs a different function yet has the same underlying structure

79
Q

What is a divergent evolution?

A

where two or more species form from a single ancestral species over time

80
Q

What is a vestigial structure?

A

a structure within an organism that is no longer functional but served a purpose in a common ancestor

81
Q

What is a primate?

A

the order of consisting all current and extinct humans, apes, and monkeys, characterised by having dextrose hands with opposable thumbs and a relatively large and developed brain

82
Q

What is molecular homology?

A

the analysis of DNA and amino acid sequences as evidence of evolutionary relationships

83
Q

What is a phylogeny?

A

a branch of service that studies the evolutionary relationships between a group of species

84
Q

What is a Phylogenetic tree?

A

a branching diagram used to represent the evolutionary relationships between species

85
Q

What is Taxonomy?

A

the process of identifying, naming and grouping organisms

86
Q

What is a molecular phylogency?

A

comparison of nucleotide sequence of genes and amino acid sequence of proteins, from which evolutionary relationships can be inferred

87
Q

What is a Hominoid?

A

the superfamily consisting of all current and extinct humans and apes

88
Q

What is a Hominin?

A

the subfamily consisting of all current and extinct bipedal primates

89
Q

What does Bipedal mean?

A

able to walk on two legs or upright

90
Q

what is a genus?

A

a group of related organisms that share a recent common ancestor

91
Q

What is a species?

A

a group of organisms that can interbreed, producing fertile and viable offspring

92
Q

What does Foramen magnum mean?

A

Hole in the base of the skull through which the spinal cord enters/exists the skull

93
Q

What is the molecular clock?

A

using the predicted mutation rate of DNA (or amino acid) sequences to determine the approximate time at which two species diverged

94
Q

What does interbreed mean?

A

mate with an organism of another species (sometimes used between different genetic groups or population)

95
Q

What does Bipedalism mean?

A

the characteristic of being bipedal, i.e walking upright on two legs

96
Q

What does connection to country mean?

A

the relationship between people and their indigenous land or environment

97
Q

What does Putative mean?

A

a term used to describe something that is expected or assumed to have existed, without any current direct proof

98
Q

What is Structural morphology?

A

the study of an organism’s features and form to determine the evolutionary relationship of species

Biology Unit 3/4 (5 decks)

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