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Biology Unit 3/4 > Unit 4: AOS 1: Glossary > Flashcards

Unit 4: AOS 1: Glossary Flashcards

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1
Q

What is disease?

A

any condition that affects the normal function of either a part of an organism or the complete organism

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2
Q

What are non-infectious/non-communicable disease?

A

a disease that cannot be transmitted from one organism to another

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3
Q

What are infectious/communicable diseases?

A

a disease that can be transmitted from one organism to another

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4
Q

What are pathogen?

A

a disease-causing agent

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5
Q

What are Epidemic?

A

the rapid spread of an infectious disease to a large number of people within a population

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6
Q

What is a pandemic?

A

an outbreak of infectious disease that occurs over a wide geographical area, affecting a large number of people

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7
Q

What is a host?

A

an organism that has been infected by a pathogen

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8
Q

What is a vector?

A

a living organism that carriers and transmits a pathogen from one organism to another

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9
Q

What is an antigen?

A

a unique marker on the surface of cells or viruses that is used in the identification of self from non-self

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10
Q

What is a a self-antigen?

A

an antigen on the surface of cells of an organism that is identified by the immune system as belonging to the organism and therefore does not trigger an immune response

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11
Q

What is a non-self antigen?

A

A non-self antigen is an antigen on the surface of cells of an organism that is identified by the immune system as foreign to the organism and triggers an immune response when detected

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12
Q

What are the MHC (major histocompatibility complex) marker?

A

a protein that is found on the cells and is used in the identification of pathogens in the immune response

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13
Q

What is Epitope?

A

the specific region of an antigen that is recognised by the immune system

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14
Q

What is the MHC class I marker?

A

a type of protein marker on the surface of all nucleated cells that assists in the identification of self from non-self

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15
Q

What is the MHC class II marker?

A

a type of protein marker on antigen - presenting white blood cells that is used in the activation of a specific immune response

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16
Q

What is a antigen-presenting cell (APC)?

A

a specific type of white blood cell that uses phagocytosis to engulf a pathogen before displaying peptide fragments (epitopes) on its MHC class II markers for detection by white blood cells

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17
Q

What is a allergen?

A

any substance that causes an allergic reaction

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18
Q

What is a cellular pathogen?

A

living organism that causes disease within a host

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19
Q

What is a bacteria?

A

unicellular, prokaryotic organisms that lack membrane-bound organelles

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20
Q

What are fungi?

A

a wide variety of eukaryotic organism that include mushrooms, mould and yeast

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21
Q

What is Protozoa?

A

unicellular, eukaryotic organisms that belong to the kingdom Protista; singular protozoan

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22
Q

What is Malaria?

A

a serious disease caused by the Plasmodium protozoan, which invades red blood cells when transmitted by mosquito vectors into the host

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23
Q

What is Endemic?

A

the usual area where an organism is found

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24
Q

What is a non-cellular pathogen?

A

a disease-causing agent that lacks cellular structures and cannot replicate outside a host cell

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25
What is a virus?
a non-cellular pathogen that causes disease by taking over host cell machinery to rapidly produce identical virus copies, which further infect host cells, disrupting normal cellular function
26
What is a Virion?
a single virus particle existing outside a host cell
27
What is a capsid?
protective protein coat that surrounds the genetic material of a virion
28
What is a viral envelope?
the lipid-based, outermost layer of the capsid on some types of viruses
29
What is a dormant?
when a virus is present within the host but is inactive and therefore not currently causing symptoms associated with the disease
30
When was the Epidemiology?
a branch of medicine based on the study of disease distribution and control
31
What is Bacteriophage?
a virus that specifically infects bacteria
32
What is Prion?
a pathogenic protein with a mutant structure that can trigger normal proteins to fold abnormally, resulting in disease
33
What is PrPc?
normal form of the protein associated with prions
34
What is PrPsc?
disease-causing mutant prion
35
What is a innate response?
a non-specific defence against a pathogen
36
what is the first line of defence?
the first innate response; consists of physical, chemical and microbiota barriers
37
What is normal flora?
naturally occurring microorganisms that live in or on animals and plants and do not cause harm or an immune response
38
What are pathogenic bacteria?
bacteria that cause harm and an immune response
39
What is an inflammatory response?
heat, pain, redness, swelling and loss of function as part of the innate immune response to harmful stimuli
40
What is a mast cell?
white blood cell involved in inflammatory response, releasing histamine, triggering inflammation
41
What is Histamine?
compound released by cells to start an inflammatory response
42
What is Macrophage?
large white blood cell that carries out phagocytosis and may act as an antigen-presenting cell
43
What is Cytokines?
compounds released by cells as chemical signals to other cells
44
What is Neutrophil?
white blood cell that carries out phagocytosis and skills pathogens with defensins
45
what is a dendritic cell?
white blood cell with many folds and projections in its membrane, carries out phagocytosis and acts as an antigen-presenting cell to the adaptive immune system
46
What is a natural Killer (NK) cell?
white blood cell involved in innate immune response; kill infected host cells and cancer cells
47
What is perforin?
a protein that kills cells by making holes in their plasma membrane
48
What is Eosinophil?
white blood cell that targets parasites
49
What is Phagocytosis?
a type of endocytosis in which a solid substance enters a cell via vesicle mediated transport
50
Whar is a Phagosome?
a vesicle that engulfs a pathogen during phagocytosis
51
What is an antigen-presenting cell (APC)?
a specific type of white blood cell that uses Phagocytosis to engulf a pathogen
52
What is apoptosis?
death and disintegration of a cell through a controlled process
53
What is Lysis?
breakdown of the cell membrane
54
What is vasodilation
the widening of a blood vessel (especially capillaries), and to increase blood flow
55
What is a fever?
a rise in body temperature caused by infection
56
What is a lymphocyte?
a type of white blood cell; includes B and T cells
57
what is the adaptive immune response?
responses of the vertebrate immune system to a specific antigen, which typically results in immunological memory
58
What is the interstitial fluid?
fluid that collects in spaces between cells and tissues
59
What is lymph?
colourless fluid that flows through the lymphatic system
60
What is the lymphoid organ?
organ involved in the production or function of lyphocytes
61
What is immunological memory?
the ability of the immune system to quickly and specifically recognise an antigen that the body has previously encountered and initiate a corresponding immune response
62
what does the clonal selection theory?
the scientific theory that a specific antigen activates a specific lymphocyte that has a complementary receptor
63
What does naive mean?
not yet activated
64
what is an antibody?
a protein that has a Y shape containing two identical arms with antigen-binding site specific to a antigen (for allergen); also referred to as immuno-globulins (Ig)
65
What is clonal expansion?
the proliferation of a lymphocyte that has been selected by an antigen
66
What is the effector cell?
a cell that has been activated to perform its role
67
What is active immunity?
when an individual's adaptive immune response is activated
68
What is passive immunity?
short-term immunity resulting from a person receiving antibodies from another person or animal; no memory
69
What is vaccination?
the administration of a vaccine to cause an adaptive immune response
70
What is a vaccine?
substance that contains an agent (usually an antigen or an attenuated version of the pathogen) that will induce an adaptive immune response when adminsitered
71
What is attenuated?
describes a pathogen that has been altered to remove its harmfulness
72
What is herd immunity?
when a large percentage of a population is immune to a disease (through vaccination), slowing the spread of the disease and protecting those who are not immune
73
What is infection?
when a pathogen has breached the first line of defence and begun to replicate
74
What is Virulence?
how likely a pathogen is to cause harm/disease
75
What is Contagious?
describes a pathogen that is able to spread from an infected person to others
76
What is fatality?
the occurrence of death
77
What is an Epidemiologist?
professional who studies the occurrence of disease in a population
78
What is infectious mean?
able to be transmitted between hosts
79
What does the emerging infectious disease?
a disease not yet seen in people, or a disease that is increasing in incidence or geographical range
80
What does re-emerging infectious disease?
a disease that appears again after having previously been eliminated
81
What is the indirect transmission?
transmission of a pathogen from a location where it has been away from its host for a long term
82
What is selection pressure?
the conditions or factors that influence allele frequencies in population by contributing to the selection of which phenotype survive in a given environment e.g availability of resources environmental conditions, predators and disease
83
What is a reservoir?
Original or usual site of a disease in relation to its spread
84
What is a transmission?
how a pathogen is passed between hosts
85
What is immunotherapy?
a treatment that uses activation or suppression of the immune system
86
What is the Monoclonal antibody (mAb)?
antibody made a cloning a unique parent immune cell, produced in large quantities in the laboratory as a drug targeting specific cells or substance
87
What is a Bispecific monoclonal antibody?
a monoclonal antibody that has two different antigen binding sites
88
What is a Conjugated monoclonal antibody?
an antibody that has been combined with a radioactive substance or chemotherapy agent (a cytotoxin)
89
What is a Myeloma cell?
an abnormal plasma cell used in the production of monoclonal antibodies
90
What is an autoimmune disease?
your immune system fails to recognise self cells and attacks. It causes inflammation

Biology Unit 3/4 (5 decks)

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