Unit 3 cell stuctures

Question 1

what is the cell theory

Answer 1

all living things composed of cells and all cells come from other cells

Question 2

what are the earliest types of microscopes and how does it work

Answer 2

light microscopes
-visible light passes through a sample and glass lenses

Question 3

what is the difference between objective lens and ocular lens

Answer 3

objective lens - magnifies up to 10x +

ocular lens - magnifies to 10x

Question 4

define magnification

Answer 4

increase in an objects image size compared with its actual size

Notation: LM 230x

Question 5

define resolution

Answer 5

measure of clarity of an image

Question 6

how does a electron microscope work

Answer 6

focuses beams of electrons through a specimen sample

Question 7

what are the 2 different types of electron microscopes

Answer 7

• Scanning electron microscope
• Transmission electron microscope

Question 8

how does a scanning electron microscope

Answer 8

used to study the architecture of a cell
makes a 3d image

Question 9

how does a transmission electron miscroscope

Answer 9

electron beam passed through a very thin section of specimen

Question 10

what are the limitations of electron and light microscopes

Answer 10

electron microscopes
- cannot look at live samples
light microscopes
- cannot see small parts of the cell

Question 11

what are the two types of cells

Answer 11

prokaryotic cells
eukaryotic cells

Question 12

what are the structures that are common to all life

Answer 12

plasma membrane: surrounds the cell
Ribosomes: machinery for protein synthesis
Cytosol: aqueous solution in the cells
DNA: one or more chromosomes
Cytoplasm: all contents of the inside of the cells

Question 13

what is the function of a plasma membrane

Answer 13

regulates the flow of material in and out of the cells

Question 14

what can pass through a cell membrane

Answer 14

-small non-polar molecules
-polar compounds (through channel protein)
-large molecules (through transport proteins)

Question 15

what are organelles

Answer 15

“little organs”
membrane bound structures that perform specific tasks

Question 16

what is the function of organelles

Answer 16

1. genetic control of cell
2. Manufacture, distribution, and breakdown of molecules
3. Energy processing
4. Structural support, movement, and communication between cells

Question 17

define cellular metabolism

Answer 17

chemical activities of the cell
-each organelle has its own internal chemical conditions

Question 18

what organelles are only found in animal cells

Answer 18

lysosomes and centrosomes
flagella and cilia

Question 19

what organelles are only found in plant cells

Answer 19

rigid cell wall
Plasmodesma
Chloroplasts
large central vacuole

Question 20

what is the function of the nucleus

Answer 20

contain the cells genetic instructions (DNA)
controls the cells activities by directing protein synthesis

Question 21

what is DNA organized into

Answer 21

Chromosomes

Question 22

how many chromosomes does a human had

Answer 22

46 Chromosomes

Question 23

What is chromatin

Answer 23

the complex of proteins and DNA

Question 24

Define a Nuclear envelope

Answer 24

double membrane enclosing the nucleus

Question 25

define nucleolus

Answer 25

location where ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is synthesized

Question 26

Define ribosomes

Answer 26

parts of cell that use instructions from the nucleus to build proteins

Question 27

what are the 2 different types of ribosomes

Answer 27

-free ribosomes -bound ribosomes

Question 28

define Free ribosomes

Answer 28

suspended in the cytosol

Question 29

define bounded ribosomes

Answer 29

attached to the outside of the endoplasmic reticulum and nucleus

Question 30

what is the endomembrane system

Answer 30

internal membranes involved in most cellular functions

Question 31

What organelles are in the endomembrane system

Answer 31

-nuclear envelope -endoplasmic reticulum -Golgi apparatus -lysosomes -vesicles -vacuoles -plasma membrane

Question 32

what are vesicles

Answer 32

sacs made of membrane

Question 33

what is the Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

Answer 33

network of flattened sacs and tubules

Question 34

what is the function of the ER

Answer 34

manufacturing site in the cell -vesicles bud from ER to travel to other organelles

Question 35

what does the Smooth ER do

Answer 35

-synthesis lipids -storage of calcium ions -detoxification

Question 36

what does the Rough ER do

Answer 36

-excrete proteins for the cell -synthesizes new membrane fragments

Question 37

what is the function of a Golgi Apparatus

Answer 37

warehouse and processing station for molecules produced by the ER

Question 38

define a lysosome

Answer 38

membrane-enclosed sac of digestive enzymes

Question 39

what does a lysosome do

Answer 39

-provides an acidic environment for its enzymes to function - protects the cell from the acidic conditions

Question 40

what are lysosomal diseases

Answer 40

diseases in which lysosomal enzymes are missing

Question 41

what are the 2 different vacuoles

Answer 41

-food vacuoles -contractile vacuoles

Question 42

what does a contractile vacuole do

Answer 42

collect water or expels the water

Question 43

define the central vacuole

Answer 43

absorbs water allowing cell to grow in size

Question 44

what looks like it belongs in the Endomembrane system but it doesnt

Answer 44

Peroxisomes

Question 45

what is the function of peroxisomes

Answer 45

break down fatty acids to use as cellular fuel detoxification in liver

Question 46

what 2 organelles are known as the energy converting organelles

Answer 46

1. Mitochondrion 2. Chloroplasts

Question 47

what is the function of the Mitochondrion

Answer 47

carries out cellular respiration in eukaryotic cells

Question 48

what is the Cristae

Answer 48

the inner membrane of the mitochondrion that is highly folded

Question 49

what is the intermembrane space

Answer 49

region in between the inner and outer membranes

Question 50

what is the mitochondrial matrix

Answer 50

contains mitochondrial DNA, ribosomes and enzymes

Question 51

what is the function of Chloroplasts

Answer 51

Photosynthesis: converts solar energy into chemical energy

Question 52

Define Stroma

Answer 52

think fluid inside the inner membrane

Question 53

define Thylakoids

Answer 53

networks of interconnected membranous sacs

Question 54

define Granum

Answer 54

Stacks of Thylakoids

Question 55

Define Chlorophyll

Answer 55

inside in the Thylakoid membranes to trap solar energy

Question 56

what is the Endosymbiont Theory

Answer 56

mitochondria and chloroplasts used to be small prokaryotes that began living inside larger cells

Question 57

how do Mitochondria and chloroplasts resemble prokaryotic cells

Answer 57

single circular DNA molecule Ribosomes similar to prokaryotic ones reproduce similarly like prokaryotes

Question 58

define the Cytoskeleton

Answer 58

networks of protein fibers extending throughout the cells

Question 59

what are the 3 different types of Cytoskeleton fibers

Answer 59

1. Microtubules 2. Microfilaments 3. Intermediate filamentsd

Question 60

Define microtubules

Answer 60

-straight hollow tubes composed of globular proteins -found in centrosome

Question 61

what is the function of Microtubules

Answer 61

- support and shape cell - guides the movement of chromosomes -main component in flagella and cilia

Question 62

define intermediate filaments

Answer 62

fibor filaments supercoiled into cables in animal cells

Question 63

what is the function of intermediate filaments

Answer 63

reinforce cell shape and anchor some organelles

Question 64

define microfilaments (actin filaments)

Answer 64

rods of globular actin proteins

Question 65

what is the function of microfilaments

Answer 65

- inside cell membrane to support cell shape - involved in cell movement

Question 66

define Cilia

Answer 66

- short hairlike strands coming from cell - moving in a sweeping motion

Question 67

Define Flagella

Answer 67

-long tail like appendage on cells - found on animal sperm cells

Question 68

what is the Extracellular matric

Answer 68

- holds cells together in tissues - protects and supports the plasma membrane

Question 69

define tight functions

Answer 69

plasma membranes of adjacent cells are knit tightly

Question 70

define anchoring junctions

Answer 70

intermediate filaments fasten cells together into long sheets

Question 71

define Gap junctions

Answer 71

channels or pores that allow the flow of small molecules from one cell to another