unit 3 - immune system Flashcards
(96 cards)
1
Q
innoculate
A
to contaminate a sterile environment
2
Q
attenuated
A
weakened
3
Q
necrosis
A
dead tissue
4
Q
sepsis
A
infection of the entire blood stream
5
Q
incubation period
A
how long it took before symptoms appeared
6
Q
dormancy
A
part of the lysogenic cycle- not active, no symptoms
7
Q
immune
A
body isn’t responsive to antigens (can still spread antigens to others), antibodies are present
8
Q
antihistime
A
anti-inflammation, combats antigen symptoms
9
Q
innate defense system
A
the defense system the body is born with- phagocytes
10
Q
adaptive defense system
A
defense system that develops over time- lymphocytes
11
Q
prions
A
malformed proteins
“mad cow” disease
smallest
12
Q
virus
A
phages infect bacteria
20-30 microns
second to smallest
13
Q
bacteria
A
size of mitochondria
cure with antibiotics
it can have resistant strains
second to largest
14
Q
parasites
A
large multicellular organisms
like worms
largest
15
Q
sizes of infections
smallest to largest
A
prions
viruses
bacteria
parasites
16
Q
viruses have one or both of these cycles
A
lyric and lysogenic
17
Q
lytic cycle
A
recreating new phage DNA and ruptures out of the cell
18
Q
lysogenic cycle
A
prophage becomes part of a cells chromosome but stays dormant and doesn’t affect the host
19
Q
what cycle(s) is herpes
A
both- can be dormant for months or years then rupture
20
Q
what cycle(s) is HIV
A
both- lives for a couple of years then kills the host
21
Q
what cycle(s) is Ebola
A
only lytic- kills quickly
22
Q
pandemic
A
virus spreads world wide
23
Q
epidemic
A
virus spreads in an isolated population (country)
24
Q
febrile
A
serious, experiencing more symptoms
25
index patient
first to get virus
26
BSL
bio safety levels 1-4
27
placebo
fake
28
CDC
center for disease control
| atlanta GA
29
WHO
world health organization
| geniva switzerland
30
fomites
a surface or object that transmits viruses/bacteria
31
what is the genus and species of the bacteria associated with ulcers
helicobacter pylori
32
the ulcers bacteria secretes proteins that attract which cells
macrophages and neutrophils
33
urease (enzyme) breaks urea (chemical) into...
ammonia and carbon dioxide
34
the presence of bacterial colonies cause the gastric tissue to become...
inflamed
35
- to - % of the worlds population is affected by ulcers at some time in their life
5 to 10 %
36
the chances of developing a peptic ulcer within 10 to 20 years after having this bacterial infection increases by -- to -- times
3 to 12 times
37
The portion of the small intestine leaving the stomach is called the
duodenum
38
- to - of the worlds population carry the ulcer bacteria
1/3 to 1/2
39
where in the world are child infections with ulcer bacteria very rare
United States and Western Europe
40
where in the world are child infections with ulcers bacteria very prevalent
developing countries
41
A study involving Japanese American military men investigated the relationship between the bacterial infection and stomach cancer later in life. What was the finding?
six times more likely to get cancer
42
what is the typical percent of oxygen in the earths atmosphere compared to the percent of oxygen in the stomach
stomach is 5% atmosphere is 21%
43
The reason bacteria causes inflammation is to get what
nutrients
44
what were two evolutionary choices for humans when dealing with ulcers bacteria
fight or be tolerant
45
patient to stop taking the H2 receptor blocker's have a -- percent chance of having their ulcers reoccur within six months and a -- percent chance that they will reappear within two years
50% of 95%
46
what are two drugs that are currently used to treat the infection is caused by ulcers bacteria
amoxicillin and tetracycline
47
what are two different chronic inflammatory diseases that could also possibly be caused by slow acting bacterial strains
ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease
48
which costs more to treat ulcers--new or old
Old
49
what does a stem cell create
lymphoid stem cells and myeloid progenitor
50
what are the three lymphocytes
B cell, T cell, and natural killer
51
what are two types of B cells
plasma cell and memory cell
52
what are two types of T cells
Th cell and Tc cell
53
granulocytes create what cells
neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, mast cells and monocytes
54
what are two types of monocytes
Dendritic cells and macrophages
55
lymphocytes respond to what
antigens
56
T in T cells stand for what
T for thymus
57
B in B cells stand for what
bone marrow
58
what do T cells do
they can only attach to antigens on the outsides of infected cells
59
B cells create what
antibodies
60
natural killer cells attack what and can do what
they attack cancer cells and virally infected cells and they assist in apoptosis
61
Who are the first responders to infection or trauma
neutrophils
62
what is more than 60% of all immune cells
neutrophils
63
neutrophils release what to kill bacteria or fungi
toxins
64
when neutrophils die they become
pus
65
basophils and eosinophils release what
histamines and herapin (permeability of tissues)
66
histamines cause what
inflammation
67
basophils and eosinophils respond to what
allergic reactions and parasitic worms
68
monocytes are phagocytic and that means what
they eat intruders
69
Dendrid excels present what on its surface and trigger what
they present antigens and trigger adaptive immunity
70
what defense system attacks first
innate nonspecific defense system
71
phagocytes an inflammatory cells are part of what defense system
innate nonspecific defense system
72
lymphocytes are part of what defense system
adaptive specific defense system
73
what are the external barricades of the innate system
skin and mucous membranes
74
what are the internal defenses of the innate system
phagocytes, antimicrobial proteins and attack cells
75
macrophages have what on the outside
cytoplasmic extensions
76
MHC one is what
A protein marker on the surface of a healthy cell
77
fever allows what
The metabolic rate to increase which allows cells to reproduce and heal faster
78
what are the four symptoms of an infection
inflammation redness pain and heat
79
humoral immunity is part of what the defense system
adaptive
80
define agglutination
antibodies clump up of the antigens in the blood--can happen with incorrect transfusions
81
what is humoral immunity
your body trying to become immune by continuing to create antibodies
82
vaccinations are effective because of what
they use weakened pathogens so your body can create antibodies without being harmed
83
order of fight with defense systems
1. innate
2. humoral immunity (adaptive)
3. cellular defense (adaptive)
84
MHC two is what
proteins that the cell displays of what it has killed
85
aids attack what cell
T cell
86
blood is what percent of the body
8%
| girls have 3 to 4 L and boys to 4 to 5 L
87
what percentage is plasma and formed elements in blood
plasma is 55% and formed elements are 45%
88
water is what percent of plasma
91%
89
what composes plasma
proteins, water and other solutes
90
what are the proteins in plasma
albumins, globulins, fibrinogen, and prothrombin
91
what are the other solutes in plasma
ions, nutrients, waste products, gases, and regulatory substances
92
what are the leukocytes in blood
neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils and basophils
93
The formed elements in blood contain what
platelets, leukocytes and erythrocytes
94
where are glycoproteins on a virus
The outside
95
what three countries do the majority of deaths occur from rabies infections
Latin America, Asia and Africa
96
what viruses can be transmitted by athropods
TMV and Zika
