Unit 3 - Infection and Response - Non-communicable Diseases

Question 1

What are risk factors linked to?

Answer 1

An increased rate of the disease

Question 2

List some lifestyle-related risk factors.

Answer 2

• Smoking
• Alcohol
• Lack of exercise
• Overeating

Question 3

What happens when the control of the cell cycle is lost?

Answer 3

Cells grow in an abnormal and uncontrolled way, forming a tumour

Question 4

What are benign tumours?

Answer 4

Growths of abnormal cells contained in one area

They do not invade other parts of the body.

Question 5

How do malignant tumours differ from benign tumours?

Answer 5

Malignant tumours invade neighbouring tissues and spread forming secondary tumours

Question 6

What are carcinogens?

Answer 6

Agents that can cause mutations and trigger tumour formation

Question 7

What role does ionising radiation play in cancer?

Answer 7

It can interrupt the normal cell cycle

Question 8

What percentage of human cancers are caused by viral infections?

Answer 8

About 15%

Human papilloma virus (HPV) is an example that causes cervical cancer.

Question 9

What sensation does nicotine create?

Answer 9

Calm, well-being, and stress relief

Question 10

Is nicotine addictive?

Answer 10

Yes, highly addictive

Question 11

How harmful is nicotine on its own?

Answer 11

Relatively harmless

Question 12

What effect does carbon monoxide have on the blood?

Answer 12

Reduces the blood’s ability to carry oxygen

Question 13

Is carbon monoxide poisonous?

Answer 13

Yes

Question 14

What percentage of the blood carries carbon monoxide after smoking?

Answer 14

10%

Question 15

What does carbon monoxide lead to?

Answer 15

Oxygen shortage

Question 16

What effect do carcinogens like tar have on the lungs?

Answer 16

Turns lungs from pink to grey

Question 17

How do carcinogens affect susceptibility to bronchitis?

Answer 17

Makes smokers more likely to develop bronchitis

Question 18

What chronic condition can result from tar buildup?

Answer 18

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

Question 19

What structural change occurs in the alveoli due to COPD?

Answer 19

Breakdown in the structure of the alveoli

Question 20

How does COPD affect the surface area to volume ratio?

Answer 20

Reduced surface area to volume ratio

This leads to severe shortness of breath and eventually death

Question 21

What is the risk associated with smoking and lung cancer?

Answer 21

Increased risk of lung cancer and other respiratory cancers

Question 22

Why should smoking be avoided during pregnancy?

Answer 22

Oxygen shortage occurs when pregnant women smoke.

As the woman is also carrying oxygen for the fetus, reduced oxygen can lead to underdeveloped fetus

Question 23

What are the potential consequences of insufficient oxygen delivery to a developing fetus due to smoking?

Answer 23

Premature births, low birth weight, stillbirth

Question 24

How does smoking affect the cardiovascular system?

Answer 24

Chemicals in tobacco smoke affect the heart and blood vessels

It narrows the blood vessels in the skin, ageing it

Question 25

What is the effect of nicotine on heart rate?

Answer 25

Nicotine increases heart rate

Question 26

What risk is associated with smoking in relation to coronary heart disease?

Answer 26

Increased likelihood of coronary heart disease

Question 27

What is a consequence of smoking on blood pressure?

Answer 27

Increased risk of high blood pressure

Question 28

What are some serious health risks associated with smoking?

Answer 28

Increased risk of cardiovascular disease, heart attacks, stroke

Question 29

How does diet affect health?

Answer 29

Diet affects health by influencing body weight and fat storage

Question 30

What is the role of fat in the body?

Answer 30

Fat cushions internal organs and serves as an energy store

Question 31

What are the consequences of a poor diet rich in animal fats?

Answer 31

High blood cholesterol levels and coronary heart disease (CHD)

Question 32

What can a lack of exercise lead to?

Answer 32

A less fit heart, smaller lungs, and increases risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD)

Question 33

How does exercise affect metabolic rate?

Answer 33

Exercise increases muscle tissue, which raises metabolic rate

Question 34

What health risks does regular exercise reduce?

Answer 34

Arthritis, diabetes, high blood pressure, and blood cholesterol levels

Question 35

What is obesity a risk factor for?

Answer 35

Type 2 diabetes

Question 36

What happens in type 2 diabetes?

Answer 36

The body does not make enough insulin or cells stop responding to it

Question 37

What complications can arise from type 2 diabetes?

Answer 37

Circulation issues, kidney function problems, eye damage, and death

Question 38

What is alcohol chemically known as?

Answer 38

Ethanol

Question 39

How is alcohol absorbed into the body?

Answer 39

From the gut into the blood

Question 40

What effect does alcohol have on thought processes and reflexes?

Answer 40

Slows them down

Question 41

What are the effects of small doses of alcohol?

Answer 41

Relaxation and reduced inhibition

Question 42

What can result from larger doses of alcohol?

Answer 42

Lack of self-control and poor judgement

Question 43

What are the potential consequences of very high levels of alcohol consumption?

Answer 43

Unconsciousness, coma, and death

Question 44

How does alcohol affect liver cells over time?

Answer 44

Destroys liver tissue and replaces active liver cells with scar tissue This then leads to cirrhosis of the liver

Question 45

What is a potential cancer risk associated with heavy drinking?

Answer 45

Increased risk of liver cancer and mouth/throat cancer

Question 46

What type of damage can long-term alcohol use cause?

Answer 46

Brain damage

Question 47

What risk does alcohol pose to pregnant women?

Answer 47

It passes across the placenta

Question 48

What are some risks associated with alcohol consumption during pregnancy?

Answer 48

Miscarriage, stillbirths, premature birth, and low birth weight

Question 49

What syndrome is associated with alcohol exposure during pregnancy?

Answer 49

Foetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)

Question 50

What developmental problems may arise from foetal alcohol syndrome?

Answer 50

Learning and other developmental problems

Question 51

What is the current advice regarding alcohol consumption during pregnancy?

Answer 51

Not to drink alcohol

Question 52

What happens to proteins in the body during liver damage?

Answer 52

Proteins are not broken down * amino acids aren't made into urea * amino acids accumulate in the body

Question 53

What is the consequence of no bile production in liver damage?

Answer 53

Fats are not emulsified

Question 54

How does liver damage affect lipid digestion?

Answer 54

Surface area of lipids is not increased, making lipids not digested as easily

Question 55

What happens to the pH of the small intestine in liver damage?

Answer 55

pH of small intestine is not neutralised

Question 56

What potential weight-related consequence can result from liver damage?

Answer 56

May lose weight

Question 57

What is the impact of liver damage on toxin breakdown?

Answer 57

Unable to break down toxins like alcohol Cause pain + poisons the body

Question 58

What are the symptoms associated with the inability to break down lactic acid?

Answer 58

Lactic acid builds up in the body, causing muscle pain and fatigue ## Footnote This is a result of anaerobic metabolism.