Unit 4 - Bioenergetics - Respiration

Question 1

what type of process is respiration?

Answer 1

a cellular process

Question 2

define cellular process

Answer 2

a process that takes place continuously inside ALL living cells

Question 3

what type of reaction is respiration

Answer 3

exothermic reaction

Question 4

what are the two types of respiration

Answer 4

• aerobic = with oxygen (in mitochondria)
• anaerobic = without oxygen

Question 5

word equation for aerobic respiration

Answer 5

glucose + oxygen —-> carbon dioxide + water + energy

Question 6

symbol equation for aerobic respiration

Answer 6

C6H12O6 + 6O2 —-> 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy

Question 7

where does the glucose used in respiration come from?

Answer 7

for animals: food (main source is carbohydrates)
for plants: photosynthesis

Question 8

where does the oxygen used in respiration come from?

Answer 8

for animals: the air via gas exchange
for plants: from photosynthesis

Question 9

what happens to the carbon dioxide produced during respiration?

Answer 9

it is releases into the air via gas exchange

Question 10

what happens to the water produced during respiration?

Answer 10

coulr be lost in evaporation/transpiration
excreted in urine

Question 11

where does aerobic respiration take place?

Answer 11

in the mitochondria of the cell

Question 12

why does the mitochondria have a highly folded inner membrane?

Answer 12

it increases its surface area for aerobic respiration

Question 13

draw and label an animal cell

Answer 13

Question 14

draw and label a plant cell

Answer 14

Question 15

what is the difference between anaerobic and aerobic respiration?

Answer 15

anaerobic respiration releases much less energy than aerobic, as oxidation is incomplete

Question 16

How can anaerobic respiration be represented as in muscle cells in animals?

Answer 16

lactic acid fermentation

Question 17

symbol equation for lactic acid fermentation

Answer 17

C6H12O6 —-> 2C3H6O3 + Energy

Question 18

word equation for lactic acid fermentation

Answer 18

glucose —> lactic acid + energy (150kJ)

Question 19

What is anaerobic respiration in plant and yeast cells

Answer 19

alcoholic fermentation

Question 20

symbol equation for alcoholic fermentation

Answer 20

C6H12O6 —> 2C2H5OH + 2CO2 + energy

Question 21

word equation for alcoholic fermentation

Answer 21

glucose —> ethanol + carbon dioxide + energy (210kJ)

Question 22

what is the body’s response to exercise?

Answer 22

• increases sweating
• muscles are contracting more
• breath volume increases
• breathing rate increases
• heart rate increases (BPM)

Question 23

describe what happens when the muscles are contracting more

Answer 23

Muscles are contracting more
Muscle cells need more energy
Rate of aerobic respiration increases
More oxygen and glucose needed for aerobic respiration
(more CO2 needs to be removed)

Question 24

describe what happens when the heart rate increases

Answer 24

Increases blood flow
More blood to muscle cells
More oxygen and glucose go to the cells, faster
Carbon dioxide is removed faster

Question 25

describe what happens when breathing rate increases

Answer 25

More oxygen is diffusing into the blood More carbon dioxide is diffusing out of the blood This leads to increases supply of oxygen, faster

Question 25

describe what happens when breath volume increases (breathing more deeply)

Answer 25

We use a greater surface are for gas exchange This leads to increases supply of oxygen, faster

Question 26

what happens overall when exercising?

Answer 26

we release more energy

Question 27

what happens during intense exercise

Answer 27

Anaerobic respiration Insufficient oxygen to maintain aerobic conditions, so anaerobic respiration takes place This leads to: * lactic acid formed = toxic * muscle fatigue * muscles can no longer contract efficiently

Question 28

what happens to lactic acid during intense exercise?

Answer 28

Lactic acid needs to be broken down quickly and it requires oxygen It is transported in blood to the liver. So, after exercise, heart and breathing rate remains high to provide enough oxygen to break down the lactic acid.

Question 29

what is oxygen debt

Answer 29

the amount of oxygen the body need after exercise to react with the accumulated lactic acid and remove it from cells

Question 30

define metabolism

Answer 30

all the chemical reactions that take place in a cell/whole organism

Question 31

what are metabolic process controlled by?

Answer 31

enzymes

Question 32

what do metabolic processes involve?

Answer 32

Building large molecules from smaller molecules (anabolism) Breaking down large molecules into smalled molecules (catabolism

Question 33

List the key metabolic processes, and name if they break down or build up

Answer 33

* Respiration (breaking down) * Photosynthesis (building up) * Digestion (breaking down) * DNA replication (building up) * Protein synthesis (building up) * Making lipids from fatty acids + glycerol (building up) * Making starch and cellulose from glucose (building up)

Question 34

What does the liver do?

Answer 34

* Breakdown of ethanol in alcoholic drinks to less toxic components * Breakdown of **excess** amino acids into **urea** which can be excreted by the kidneys * Breakdown of old red blood cells (produces bile pigments) * **Production of bile** to be used in digestion for the **emulsification of lipids** * **Regulation of blood glucose** (formation of glycogen from glucose) * **Breakdown of lactic acids** (from anaerobic respiration) into carbon dioxide and water.