Unit 3 List 2 DNA and Heredity MCA

Question 1

Centromere

Answer 1

the region of a chromosome to which the microtubules of the spindle attach, via the kinetochore, during cell division.

Question 1

Allele

Answer 1

one of two or more alternative forms of a gene that arise by mutation and are found at the same place on a chromosome.

Question 2

Chromatid

Answer 2

each of the two threadlike strands into which a chromosome divides longitudinally during cell division. Each contains a double helix of DNA.

Question 3

Chromosome

Answer 3

a threadlike structure of nucleic acids and protein found in the nucleus of most living cells, carrying genetic information in the form of genes.

Question 4

Codon (chart)

Answer 4

A codon chart, sometimes called a genetic code, shows all of the possible three letter combinations of mRNA nucleotides, and for which amino acid each combination codes for.

Question 5

Crossing Over

Answer 5

a cellular process that happens during meiosis when chromosomes of the same type are lined up

Question 6

Daughter Cell

Answer 6

the cells that are formed after cell division

Question 7

Deletion

Answer 7

A type of genetic change that involves the absence of a segment of DNA.

Question 8

Diploid

Answer 8

the presence of two complete sets of chromosomes in an organism’s cells, with each parent contributing a chromosome to each pair.

Question 9

DNA

Answer 9

the molecule that carries genetic information for the development and functioning of an organism

Question 9

Fertilization

Answer 9

the union of two gametes. During fertilization, sperm and egg fuse

Question 10

Frameshift

Answer 10

a genetic mutation caused by a deletion or insertion in a DNA sequence that shifts the way the sequence is read

Question 11

Gamete

Answer 11

a reproductive cell of an animal or plan

Question 11

Gene Mutation

Answer 11

a change to a gene’s DNA sequence to produce something different.

Question 12

Gene

Answer 12

The basic unit of heredity passed from parent to child

Question 13

Genetic Code

Answer 13

A set of rules that defines how the information encoded in DNA and RNA sequences is translated into proteins

Question 14

Genetic Variation

Answer 14

the difference in DNA among individuals or the differences between populations among the same species

Question 15

Haploid

Answer 15

a cell that contains a single set of chromosomes.

Question 16

Homologous Chromosome

Answer 16

a set of one maternal and one paternal chromosome that pair up with each other inside a cell during fertilization.

Question 17

Independent Assortment

Answer 17

the alleles of two (or more) different genes get sorted into gametes independently of one another.

Question 18

Insertion

Answer 18

the addition of one or more nucleotide base pairs into a DNA sequence

Question 18

Meiosis

Answer 18

a type of cell division that reduces the number of chromosomes in the parent cell by half and produces four gamete cells.

Question 19

Meiosis I

Answer 19

the number of cells is doubled but the number of chromosomes is not

Question 20

Meiosis II

Answer 20

a mitotic division of each of the haploid cells produced in meiosis I

Question 21

Monosomy

Answer 21

the condition in which only one chromosome from a pair is present in cells rather than the two copies usually found in diploid cells.

Question 22

Mutagen

Answer 22

a chemical or physical agent capable of inducing changes in DNA called mutations

Question 23

Mutation

Answer 23

an alteration in the nucleic acid sequence of the genome of an organism, virus, or extrachromosomal DNA.

Question 24

Nondisjunction

Answer 24

a pair of homologous chromosomes has failed to separate or segregate at anaphase so that both chromosomes of the pair pass to the same daughter cell.

Question 25

Offspring

Answer 25

the young creation of living organisms, produced either by sexual or asexual reproduction

Question 26

Parent Cell

Answer 26

A cell that is the source of other cells, as a cell that divides to produce two or more daughter cells, or a stem cell that is a progenitor of other cells or is the first in a line of developing cells

Question 27

Replication

Answer 27

the process by which the genome's DNA is copied in cells

Question 28

Point Mutation

Answer 28

A genetic alteration caused by the substitution of a single nucleotide for another nucleotide

Question 29

Sexual Reproduction

Answer 29

the production of new organisms by the combination of genetic information of two individuals of different sexes

Question 30

Somatic Cell

Answer 30

the cells in the body other than sperm and egg cells

Question 31

Trisomy

Answer 31

The presence of an extra chromosome in some or all of the body's cells

Question 32

Substituion

Answer 32

a type of mutation in which one nucleotide is replaced by a different nucleotide

Question 33

Trait

Answer 33

a specific characteristic of an individual