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IB US History > Unit 3: Mexican Movements- Hodder 220-232 > Flashcards

Unit 3: Mexican Movements- Hodder 220-232 Flashcards

(73 cards)

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1
Q

Key Question?

A

How and why did Mexican-Americans campaign for equality before 1980?

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2
Q

In the mid-19th century what did the US acquire after wining the was with Mexico?

A

Present-day Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, and Mexico

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3
Q

What guaranteed the property rights and continuation of Catholicism, Spanish language and cultural tradition of Mexicans in US’s acquired territories?

A

The Texas Constitution (1845) and Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848)

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4
Q

Anglos defined

A

Hispanic term for white, English-speaking Americans of whatever ancestry

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5
Q

What is the INS?

A

United States Immigration and Naturalization Service, a federal government agency.

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6
Q

Wetbacks defined

A

Derogatory term used by white Americans for illegal Mexican immigrants, inspired by the fact that any of the immigrants waded through the Rio Grande River to get to the United States

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7
Q

What did Operation wetback do (1954)?

A

Repatriated at least 1 million illegal agricultural workers in the SW, the influx of Mexican immigrants continued.

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8
Q

What was focused on in the 19th Century?

A

Litigated over violations in their voting rights

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9
Q

What was focused on during the 1930s?

A

Mexican-Americans and Mexicans joined trade unions and engaged in strikes in California

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10
Q

What occurred in the 2nd quarter of the 20th century?

A

Mexican-American organizations litigated against segregation is states such as Texas

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11
Q

How were Mexican-Americans historically discriminated against?

A

Education, housing, law enforcement, employment, and voting

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12
Q

What does LULAC stand for

A

League of United Latin American Citizens (first half of 20th century)

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13
Q

What was LULAC

A

Mexican-American civil rights organization established in Texas in 1929.

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14
Q

What was LULAC committed to?

A

Full assimilation of Mexican-Americans in US society

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15
Q

What did LULAC exclude?

A

Non- US citizens from membership and supported restrictions on immigration from Mexico.

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16
Q

What occurred in 1942?

A

US federal government initiated a programme to bring in temporary Mexican workers (braceros) to overcome the wartime manpower shortage (LULAC was strongly opposed).

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17
Q

What did LULAC fear with government actions in 1942?

A

Temporary workers ,might trigger an influx or poorly educated Mexican immigrants workers who would find it difficult to fully assimilate into US society and would turn other Americans against Mexican-American citizens.

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18
Q

What about the GI bill allowed for the most dynamic Mexican-American civil rights organizations?

A

It’s opposition to segregation in public facilities (housing, schools, theaters, swimming pools, and restaurants).

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19
Q

What did the GI Bill reward veterans?

A

A subsidized college education (including many Mexican-Americans).

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20
Q

In the 1940s to 1960s what were the local victories of Latin American Civil Rights orgs (like LULAC)?

A

Desegregation, police brutality and harassment, jury selection and voter registration, over dicriminatory realtors, insurance companies and mortgage brokers.

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21
Q

What was Mendez v. Westminster, when did it occur?

A

(LULAC Accomplishment) In 1946, ended segregated schooling for around 500 Mexican-American schoolchildren in Cali.

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22
Q

Who was Felix Tijerina?

A

1950 to 1960 LULAC had a particularly dynamic leader, Tijerina.

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23
Q

In the 1950s and early 1960s, what % of Mexican-Americans voted?

A

40-50%

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24
Q

What did the 1960s bring about for the first time?

A

First real awakening of the Mexican-American electorate and greater Mexican-American militancy.

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25
Which movements inspired more militarism in Mexican-Americans?
Black Civil Rights Movement, inspired political activism amongst other minorities.
26
In 1968 what 5 of Mexican-Americans lived in urban ghettos in states bordering Mexico and in Chicago?
80%, suffered high unemployment rates, segregated schools, poor housing, and police discrimination.
27
What did the Voting Rights Act and the new immigration law in 1965 permit for Mexican-Americans?
Increased Mexican American immigration and facilitated more Mexican-American voting.`
28
Barrios
Urban areas predominantly populated by Latinos
29
What did the 1975 extension of the 1965 Voting Rights Act permit?
Further facilitated Mexican-American voting, so Mexican-American representation at all levels of gov. was gradually increased.
30
What does MAPA stand for?
Mexican American Political Association.
31
Why did LULAC and MAPA walk out of the 1966 Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) Conference in New Mexico? How did LBJ react to this?
There was no Mexican-American rep on the EEOC. In effect Johnson responded to demands by appointing Vicente Ximénez to the organization.
32
What was the decade of the 1960s proclaimed as?
A decade of protest
33
What occurred in 1961?
Texas elected its first Hispanic member of the US House of Representatives, Democrat Henry B. Gonzaléz.
33
Who took the main stage during the decade of protest (1960s)?
César Chávez gained national fame and a great many local protest in the SW coalesced into a more national campaign.... the Chicano Movement.
34
What occurred in 1963?
California elected Hispanic-American Democrat Edward Roybal to the US House of Representatives.
35
What occurred in 1967-77?
Democrat Joseph Manuel Motonya represented New Mexico in the US senate.
36
What occurred in 1969?
New Mexico Republican Manuel Luján was elected to the US House of Reps.
37
What occurred in the Mine Mill Union?
1950- 100 members of the union (primarily Mexican-Americans) went on strike against condition in the Empire Zinc Company´s mine in Hanover (New Mexico). Company employed violence, but union was victorious.
38
What gained Mexican-American César Chávez national fame?
Union activity
39
What was happening to Mexican-American farmworkers in Californiaś San Joaquin Valley?
Exploited, jeopardized their health by powerful chemicals, had short hoes, poorly educated illegal immigrants (fearful of going back to Mexico)--- avoided LULAC and mainstream politics/unions
40
Background of César Chávez?
(1927-93) a former migrant labourer and veteran civil rights and union activists, established the Nation Farm Workers association (NFWA)
41
What occurred in 1965 with the NFWA?
Joined a stricken started by Filipino farm workers belonging to the Agricultural Workers Organizing Committee (AWOC), strike against San Joaquin Valley grape growers
42
What did the NFWA and AWOC merge into?
United Farm Workers (UFW)
43
What did Chavez organize in 1966?
Non-violent demonstrations against the inequality of farmworkers, including an inspiration 300-mile March to the Cali capital (Sacramento).
44
With who's help did the UFW organize a national boycott of table grapes? And how many supporters did they have at their peak?
With the help of senator Robert Kennedy and Hollywood actor Paul Newman. 17 million Americans
45
What occurred in 1970?
Growers finally agreed to sign union contracts (short lived triumph.
46
What did the UFW contribute in passing?
worker-friendly legislation in Cali, Agricultural Labour Relations Act of 1975.
47
How did the UFW become weak?
Mechanization and rising immigration, by late 1980s members harvested only 10% of Cali grapes.
48
What did the UFW and Chavez play an important part in inspiring next orgs/movements?
Chicano civil rights movement, inspired formerly quiescent Mexican-Americans (SW) to a greater ethnic pride and purposefulness focused upon voting, electing Latinos to office, and protest against supposed cultural inferiority.
49
How did Anglos exclude Mexican-Americans in elective office in Tejanos in Crystal City, Texas?
Poll taxes, gerrymandering, intimidation
50
What does MAYO stand for?
Mexican-American Youth Organization (MAYO, established in 1967).
51
What did MAYO campaign against?
Segregation, police brutality, and inferior education`
52
What organization was involved in Crystal City, Texas?
MAYO, student activism established new militant orgs... such as MAYO
53
What did Texan-born pastor Reies Lopez Tijerina's Alianza Federal de Las Mercedes establish?
Federal Alliance of Land Grants, in New Mexico in 1963, staged protests in 1966.
54
What did Alianze members claim concerning land?
Federal government and private parties bro the 1848 Treaty, illegally appropriated their ancestors' land.
55
What occurred in Spring 1968?
"Blowouts": Around 10,000 students in E LA high schools staged walkouts. Demanded more access to college preparation classes, bilingual, bicultural and Mexican-American history classes the employment of more Mexican-American teachers and admin, Mexican food in cafeterias.
56
What did the LA Blowouts lead to?
Reforms in schools (Crystal City's high school).
57
What was the Chicano movement inspired by?
continuing inequality of Mexican-Americans, Cesar Chavez and orgs like Tijerina's Alianza
58
What was the Chicano political party also called?
La Raza Unida Party (United People's Party) in 1969
59
Who organized the National Chicano Liberation Youth Conference in Denver in March 1969?
Former boxer Rudolfo 'Corky' Gonzales
60
What occurred as a result of the organization of the National Chicano Liberation Youth Conference in Denver in March 1969?
La Raza Unida Party (LRUP)
61
Where did LRUP (A Chicano political party) have chapters in the United States?
Southwestern Texas, Colorado, and Cali
62
Was LRUP more successful in Cali or Texas?
Texas, more population of Mexican-Americans
63
What is the significance of the Chicano movement?
Mexican families needs on national agenda, encouraged fierce ethnicity, Chicano establishments, decreased high school dropouts
64
An alternate perspective(s) concerning the Chicano movement?
- Chicano political activism=exposed demographic, class and ideological divisions among Latinos
65
Examples of Philanthropic organizations (who supported several national Latino orgs)
Ford and Rockefeller Foundations (late 1960s- early 1970s first established)
66
What does MALDEF stand for?
Mexican-American Legal Defense and Education Fund
67
Where and when was MALDEF set up?
in Texas 1968
68
What did MALDEF focus on?
Legal aid
69
What does NCLR stand for? What did they promote?
National Council of La Raza. Promoted economic, political, and social equality
70
When was the NCLR established (where)?
Washington DC 1973
71
What does SVREP stand for? When and where was it established?
Southwest Voter Registration and Education Project. Texas 1974
72
What did SVREP promote?
naturalization

IB US History (6 decks)

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