Unit 3: Puerto Rican Movements/Hispanic Americans- Hodder 232-251

Question 1

Key question?

Answer 1

How and why did Puerto Ricans campaign for equality before 1980?

Question 2

When did the US acquire Puerto Rico.

Answer 2

In 1898 from Spain

Question 3

What was the believed reason for why Puerto Rico was not granted statehood?

Answer 3

Anglo Racism

Question 4

What did 2 Puerto Rican nationalist plan in 1950 to advertise their cause?

Answer 4

Planed to assassinate President Truman

Question 5

Where were Puerto Ricans typically focal at?

Answer 5

East Harlem, New York City’s Lower East Side, South Brooklyn, South Bronx, Roxbury (Boston), N. Philadelphia, and Chicago’s Division street

Question 6

What survival practices were generated in Puerto Rican barrios?

Answer 6

gangs, illegal betting, ‘off the book’ labour, on the job pilfering, social violence, drug addiction, prostitution, and moonlighting

Question 7

Where was Aspira established and when?

Answer 7

In New York in 1961

Question 8

What was the aim of Aspira?

Answer 8

Combating Puerto Rican high school dropout rate (active in Chicago, Philadelphia, and New Jersey by late 1960s)

Question 9

What riots in New Jersey’s Puerto Rican barrios were inspired?

Answer 9

Perth Amboy (1966), Paterson (1968), Passaic (1969), and Jersey City (1970)

Question 10

What was the Young Lords Party?

Answer 10

Began as a Chicago gang, but in 1968 campaigned for neighborhood empowerment and Puerto Rican independence.

Question 11

What did Puerto Rican activists demand?

Answer 11

Community control of schools, and end to urban renewal that destroyed tenements, more welfare rights, greater access to health services, and higher education (bilingual and secondary education, college).

Question 12

What did Aspira and the Puerto Rican Legal Defense and Education Fund do in 1972?

Answer 12

Took the New York city board of education to court and won a ruling the enabled struggling Spanish speaking students to receive bilingual education.

Question 13

Who was the 1st Puerto Rican congressman?

Answer 13

Herman Badillo (New York City) from 1971 to 1977.

Question 14

When did Puerto Ricans become US citizens?

Answer 14

First World War

Question 15

Wheat is NALEO?

Answer 15

National Association of Latino Elected and Appointed Officials (established in 1976)

Question 16

What did MALDEF activists doin 1970?

Answer 16

In Texas convinced a federal district court to rule in Cisneros v. Corpus Christi Independent School District that Mexican-Americans were as ‘identifiable ethnic minority with a past patter of discrimination’ therefore eligible for special federal protection and redress

Question 17

What was the first decade characterized by affirmative actions?

Answer 17

1970s

Question 18

Why was the 1980s the “Hispanic decade”?

Answer 18

Increase in # and politicization of Hispanic Americans, effectiveness of Latino lobbying , Latino representation at all levels of government.

Question 19

What were the 6 states with the most Latino pops?

Answer 19

Arizona, Cali, Florida, New Mexico, New York, Texas (1973)

Question 20

What was the Congressional Hispanic Caucus (1976)?

Answer 20

Aim to “addressing national and international issues and the impact these policies have on the Hispanic community.”

Question 21

Proposition 187?

Answer 21

Californian voters voted to withdraw benefits including education, from the families of illegal immigrants

Question 22

What was were the focuses in the 1990s?

Answer 22

Advancements in representation, labour, and effective lobbying/advocacy. However there was considerable amount of nativist opposition to Hispanic immigrants.

Question 23

Nativism

Answer 23

Favoring native/existing inhabitants rather than immigrants

Question 24

What was the Proposition 187 nicknamed?

Answer 24

SOS (Save our state) Initiative

Question 25

What was Cali's proposition 198

Answer 25

Sought to withdraw benefits from illegal immigrants

Question 26

Who was the VP of AFL-CIO?

Answer 26

Linda Chavez Thompsons (elected in 1995)

Question 27

AFL CIO?

Answer 27

The American Federation of Labor and Congress of Industrial Orgs is the biggest federation of unions in the US

Question 28

SALPAC?

Answer 28

Salvadoran Political Action Committee worked on voter registration and candidate support

Question 29

What are the 1960 defined by?

Answer 29

Mor immigration, more voting

Question 30

What are the 1970s defined by?

Answer 30

A minority, meriting affirmative action

Question 31

What are the 1980s defined by?

Answer 31

More and better lobbying and representation

Question 32

What are the 1990s defined by?

Answer 32

More labor/unions/voters/ representation/ lobbying

Question 33

What are the 200s defined again?

Answer 33

More everything again

Question 34

What key question could be asked about equality?

Answer 34

had Latinos achieved equality by the early twenty first century.

Question 35

Racial Profiling

Answer 35

When law enforcement officials target racial minorities as being more likely to commit crimes.

Question 36

What was Racial profiling a occurring problem?

Answer 36

1990s, Latinos felt victimized

Question 37

What case occurred in 2002?

Answer 37

Ohio State Highway Patrol Officers accused of stopping, detaining, etc Latinos based on race/immigration status.

Question 38

What cases contributed to the passing/decision of brown in 1954?

Answer 38

Alvarez v. Owen (1931, Cali), Delgado v. Bastrop Independent School District (Texas, 1948)

Question 39

White Flight

Answer 39

After the Second World War, increasing numbers of white Americans left US cities for the surrounding suburbs, partly to get away from minorities.

Question 40

What legislation was present for Bilingual education but no entirely effective?

Answer 40

Bilingual Education Acts of 1968 and 1974, Supreme Courts 1974 Lau v. Nichols, Proposition 209

Question 41

Proposition 209?

Answer 41

Cali legislation initiative approved by voters against great Latino opposition in 1998 (focus of teaching immigrants English)

Question 42

Why were Latinos citizenship in the US usually lower than other Latinos?

Answer 42

Puerto Ricans had darker skin than Mexican-Americans

Question 43

Key question about immigration?

Answer 43

Why and with what results was Hispanic immigration a controversial issue?

Question 44

1965 Hart- Celler Immigration and Nationality Act

Answer 44

Removed discriminatory national origins limitations dating from tbe 1920s, emphasized family reunification

Question 45

Civil War in C. America forced immigrants from what countries?

Answer 45

El Salvador, Guatemala and Nicaragua.

Question 46

1980 Refugee Act

Answer 46

TO seek sanctuary, but only granted to Nicaraguans (fleeing Communism)

Question 47

Immigration Reform and Control Act

Answer 47

Simpson-Rodino Act- harsh penalties on employers

Question 48

What occured with the Orantes-Hernandez v. Smith (1989)?

Answer 48

the judge ordered the INS to cease threats and coercion against Salvadoran refugees seeking political asylum and allowed many of them to remain in the United States.

Question 49

Welfare Reform Act of 1996?

Answer 49

eliminated the eligibility of permanent resident aliens for federal social welfare benefits such as Supplemental Security Income and Aid to Families with Dependent Children

Question 50

Balkanized

Answer 50

The Balkan states of Eastern Europe were notorious for being a collection of small, deeply divided and hostile units. Some Americans feared excessive concentration upon one's racial or ethnic group could only serve to disunite the United States of America.