Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Equine Medicine > Unit 3 - Neonatal 2 > Flashcards

Unit 3 - Neonatal 2 Flashcards

(58 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

What is a pre-mature foal?

A

Physically a premature birth date

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is a dysmature foal?

A

a normal gestational length but clinical signs of prematurity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is a post-mature foal?

A

A physically late birth date with atypical development

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

True or False: Premature and dysmature foals have the same clinical signs

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What may you see on PE in a premature or dysmature foal?

A

Short hair coat, joint laxity, floppy ears, and domed head

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What bone/joint abnormality are premature/dysmature foals at risk for?

A

Incomplete ossification of their cuboidal bones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What will a postmature foal look like on PE?

A

Shaggy hair coat and contracted tendons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What comorbidities are premature/dysmature/postmature foals at risk for?

A

Failure of passive transfer, sepsis, and neonatal maladjustment syndrome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Foals rely on colostrum ingestion and absorption for antibody acquisition for the first 4 ______ of life.

A

weeks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

How does the GI tract absorb immunoglobulins from colostrum in the foal?

A

pinocytosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

When does maximum absorption of the colostrum occur in a foal?

A

Within the first 8 hours of life

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

When does absorption of colostrum decrease to almost no absorption?

A

by 24 hours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

When should you test for passive transfer in a foal?

A

At 12-24 hours of age

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What levels of immunoglobulins indicate normal, complete passive transfer?

A

> 800 mg/dl

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What levels of immunoglobulins indicate partial failure of passive transfer?

A

400-800 mg/dl

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What levels of immunoglobulins indicate complete failure of passive transfer?

A

<400 mg/dl

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are foals with < 800 mg/dl of immunoglobulins at risk for?

A

generalized sepsis and/or localized infections

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

How do you treat a foal with failure of passive transfer before 8-24 hours post parturition?

A

Give enteral supplementation - frozen colostrum or commercial products

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

How do you treat a foal with failure of passive transfer after 24 hours post parturition?

A

Intravenous plasma transfusion - typically 1-3 liters are needed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is sepsis?

A

bacteremia and systemic clincal signs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are the risk factors for sepsis?

A

Poor intrauterine life, partial or complete failure of passive transfer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are the clinical signs of generalized sepsis?

A

Lethargy, decreased nursing, increased time spent laying down, injected mucus membranes, petechia, fever OR hypothermia, and hyperemic coronary bands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What clinical pathologic changes may you see with generalized sepsis?

A

Hypo or hyperglycemia

Leukopenia, toxic changes, and degenerative left shift

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What clinical signs can be associated with localized sepsis?

Study These Flashcards
A 
Septic arthritis/synovial structures
Osteomyelitis
Uveitis
Septic umbilicus
Pneumonia
Meningitis

Note- The region affected will have the clinical sign

25
True or False: Hypoglycemia in foals should be treated as sepsis unless proven otherwise.
True
26
When should you treat for sepsis?
Timing is everything - when in doubt treat
27
How should you treat sepsis in a foal?
Broadspectrum antimicrobial therapy and supportive care
28
What supportive care is recommended for treatment of sepsis in a foal?
Nursing care for skin/bed sores, nutritional support, fluid support - be on the look out for localization
29
What condition that a mare can have during parturition should make you worried about sepsis?
placentitis
30
What is the hypothesis for the cause of neonatal maladjustment syndrome (NMS)?
Hypoxic insult prior to or at birth (placentitis, prolonged delivery)
31
Where does NMS manifest?
Central nervous system, GI tract, renal
32
True or False: If foals are normal at birth, they are not at risk for NMS.
False - They can be normal at birth and then develop clinical signs within the first 24 hours
33
What does NMS cause in the GIT?
Ileus which results in gastric reflux and colic | Ischemic damage to the mucosa
34
What does ischemic damage to the mucosa result in?
Malabsorption - diarrhea Lactose intolerance Translocation of bacteria
35
What renal manifestations are associated with NMS?
Acute kidney injury and vasomotor nephropathy (poor fluid flow)
36
What signs are associated with AKI in a foal with NMS?
Isosthenuria, azotemia, and oliguria/anuria
37
What type of foals should make you suspect that NMS is going on?
Foals that are not meeting their milestones Foals that are not suckling appropriately Foals that are having seizures
38
What is the prognosis for uncomplicated cases of NMS?
Good prognosis - they resolve in 72 hours
39
How do you treat the CNS manifestations of NMS?
Ensure that the foal is getting adequate nutrition, hydration, and is safe Foster the normal maternal bond and maternal behavior Seizure control
40
How do you treat the GIT manifestations of NMS?
If ileus - GI rest or careful feeding Lactase supplementation Colitis - prophylactic abx for bacterial translocation and fluid therapy
41
How do you treat the renal manifestations of NMS?
Thoughtful fluid therapy and judicious use of nephrotoxic medications
42
If a foal has its back hunched that indicates that it is straining to _______. If a foal does not have its back hunched that indicates that it is straining to ______.
Defecate; urinate
43
How is meconium impaction diagnosed?
History, clinical signs, digital rectal exam, and radiographs
44
What clinical signs are associated with meconium impaction?
Straining to defecate, colic signs in the first day of life - all combined with not seeing a lot of meconium
45
How is meconium impaction treated?
Enemas, pain control, and supportive care`
46
What enemas can be given to a foal with meconium impaction?
Fleet enema - no more than 1 per 24 hours Soapy water enema Acetyl cysteine retention enema
47
What pain control can be given to a foal with meconium impaction?
Flunixin meglumine and butorphanol
48
What supportive care is recommended for foals with meconium impaction?
Ensure adequate IgG, hydration, and nutrition
49
What is the pathophysiology of neonatal isoerythrolysis?
Mare develops anti-RBC antibodies to the foal's blood type Anti-RBC antibodies are ingested by the foal Qa and Aa are the most common
50
What is the signalment for neonatal isoerythrolysis?
Typically it occurs in foals 2-5 days of age
51
What clinical signs are associated with neonatal isoerythrolysis?
Icteric mucus membranes, lethargy, and tachypnea
52
What will you see on bloodwork in patients with neonatal isoerythrolysis?
Low PCV (5-20%), normal protein, and significant hyperbilirubinemia
53
How is neonatal isoerythrolysis diagnosed?
Clinical signs, signalment, and confirm with agglutination or lytic tests
54
How do you treat neonatal isoerythrolysis?
Supportive care, blood transfusion if needed
55
How do you prevent neonatal isoerythrolysis?
Prevent future foals from consuming colostrum from that mare
56
What blood should you not transfuse into a foal with neonatal isoerythrolysis?
Whole blood from the mare or blood from the stallion
57
What do you need to do to blood prior to transfusion of a mare's blood to its foal with neonatal isoerythrolysis?
Wash the blood from mare to remove the globulins
58
If you chose not to use blood from the mare, what blood can be transfused to a foal with neonatal isoerythrolysis?
Universal donor (Qa, Aa negative)

Equine Medicine (27 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions