Unit 3 Notes

Question 1

What is the largest sector of employment?

Answer 1

Tertiary.

Question 2

What % of GDP is in the tertiary sector?

Answer 2

80%.

Question 3

What does the tertiary sector include?

Answer 3

Retail, IT services, hotels, restaurants, transport, banking.

Question 4

What is the official name for growth in the tertiary sector?

Answer 4

Tertiarisation.

Question 5

What has tertiarisation meant for manufacturing?

Answer 5

Improved productivity in manufacturing because of mechanisation.

Question 6

What is the nature of jobs in the tertiary sector?

Answer 6

They’re usually less physically demanding, but more mentally draining.

Question 7

What % of GDP did the tertiary sector make up in 1970?

Answer 7

50%.

Question 8

What is gentrification?

Answer 8

The displacement of original working class populations to make way for a new, more affluent population.

Question 9

What is the name of stage 1 of gentrification?

Answer 9

The early stage.

Question 9

What happens during stage 1?

Answer 9

Hipster groups take advantage of low cost, low maintenance buildings, a new community develops, where urban pioneers and working class people co exist.

Question 10

What is the name of stage 3 of gentrification?

Answer 10

The late stage.

Question 10

What is the name of stage 2 of gentrification?

Answer 10

The transitional stage.

Question 10

What is the case study for gentrification?

Answer 10

Shoreditch.

Question 10

What happens in stage 3?

Answer 10

Reputation of area is established, wealthier residents are attracted, private sector investment is attracted, urban pioneers are forced out.

Question 10

What happened during stage 3 in Shoreditch?

Answer 10

Highest skilled, highest paid jobs all increased. Lowest skilled, lowest paid jobs all decreased.

Question 10

What happens in stage 2?

Answer 10

More affluent, liberal residents, visitor numbers increase, demand for property increases, working class renters are forced out.

Question 10

What happened in 2015 in Shoreditch?

Answer 10

Anti-Gentrification protests - as local people felt disenfranchised by growing affluence of the area.

Question 10

What is the background of Shoreditch?

Answer 10

During the 1980’s,Shoreditch had many buildings which had fallen into disrepair, due to deindustrialisation.

Question 11

What happened during stage 1 in Shoreditch?

Answer 11

Area near Hoxton Square attracted a new community, illegal warehouse raves became common, greasy spoon cafes were found there.

Question 11

What happened during stage 2 in Shoreditch?

Answer 11

Shoreditch became one of the trendiest places in London, House prices rose by 53% from 2005 to 2010.

Question 11

When did each stage happen in Shoreditch?

Answer 11

1990’s - Stage 1. 2000’s - Stage 2. 2010’s - Stage 3.

Question 12

What do original residents have to say about new developments?

Answer 12

Too expensive, eyesore, FDI funded them, area has been built up too much.

Question 13

Who are the winners in stage 1 of the process?

Answer 13

Urban pioneers - They take advantage of low cost, low rent buildings. Residents - Benefit culturally from street art.

Question 14

Who are the winners in stage 2?

Answer 14

Property owners - Whose value of property increases, creating more wealth. Bigger businesses - encroach on up and coming areas.

Question 15

Who are the losers in stage 2?

Answer 15

Working class population - who rent because of rising mortgage prices.

Question 16

Who are the winners in stage 3?

Answer 16

Developers - Who can create new housing developments. Young Professionals - create a new demographic in the area of affluent middle class.

Question 17

Who are the losers in stage 3?

Answer 17

Urban Pioneers - They're prices out of the area, because of a higher standard of living. Original residents - prices out of the area.

Question 18

What are the examples of urban redevelopment in Birmingham?

Answer 18

Brindley Place, Big city plan, commonwealth games.

Question 19

What did the big city plan involve?

Answer 19

New street station - £600 million investment. Library of Birmingham - £88 million. Southern Gateway - Low skilled jobs.

Question 20

How many jobs has the big city plan created?

Answer 20

50,000

Question 21

How did the commonwealth games help redevelopment?

Answer 21

£1000 grants to local schools who win a short film competition. £73 million investment in Sandwell aquatics centre

Question 22

What is re-urbanisation?

Answer 22

The movement of people back to urban areas which have previously experienced out-migration.

Question 23

What did the re-development of Brindley Place involve?

Answer 23

NEC - opened in 1976. ICC - opened in 1991 - £150 million investment - largest conference centre in Europe. Crescent Theatre, Utilita Arena, Symphony Hall.

Question 24

Why was the space around the canal run down?

Answer 24

De-industrialisation.

Question 25

How much was spent on the Brindley Place development?

Answer 25

£200 million.

Question 26

How many jobs had been created by 2004?

Answer 26

Over 10,000.

Question 27

How many new apartments were built?

Answer 27

243.

Question 28

What percentage of jobs in Ladywood were highly skilled in 2011?

Answer 28

55%.

Question 29

What are property prices like inside the development?

Answer 29

Property prices are up to 4x higher inside the development due to better building quality and new amenities.

Question 30

What percentage of people have degrees inside the area, compared to the outside area?

Answer 30

4x the percentage, inside the area.

Question 31

What was the multiplier effect around the area?

Answer 31

Being centred around shops and services, to being centred around conventions and entertainment. New demographic of as young, professional population.

Question 32

What is an example of changing services for the demographic?

Answer 32

Mailbox - Luxury Shopping stores, for young professionals.

Question 33

What are the other examples of gentrification in Birmingham?

Answer 33

Ikon Gallery, gas street.

Question 34

What are the reasons central urban areas faced decline?

Answer 34

Retail Competition, Out of town shopping centres, CBD retail developments.

Question 35

What percentage of shops were vacant before and after the financial crisis?

Answer 35

6% before, 14% after.

Question 36

Which towns had the most disused shops as of 2011?

Answer 36

Hartlepool, Dudley, West Bromwich.

Question 37

What other issues are facing high streets?

Answer 37

Brexit, Financial crisis, Austerity.

Question 38

What other factors have led to high street decline?

Answer 38

De-industrialisation, decline in services available to the local area.

Question 39

Why did de-industrialisation lead to high street decline?

Answer 39

Decline in employment meant people had less disposable income.

Question 40

How has internet shopping contributed to the decline of the high street?

Answer 40

Internet retail sales have grown from 5% of total sales in 2007 to 28% in 2020.

Question 41

How have out of town shopping centres contributed to high street decline?

Answer 41

Shopping centres found on the outskirts of urban areas where there is lots of free parking, and accessibility.

Question 42

What is the case study for high street decline?

Answer 42

Dudley.

Question 43

What is the background of Dudley?

Answer 43

Town in the west midlands, former industrial area, ranked last out of 500 towns in the UK based on proportion of premium outlets, proportion of low value retail stores.

Question 44

Which department stores were in Dudley in the 1970's?

Answer 44

Debhenams, M and S, Woolworths, Curly's.

Question 45

What was the shop vacancy rate in Dudley in 2014?

Answer 45

England - 14%. West Midlands - 18.9%. Dudley - 32.4%.

Question 46

What are the reasons for Dudley's decline?

Answer 46

Merry Hill - OOT shopping centre. Bullring - CBD retail development.

Question 47

Why was Merry Hill a catalyst for Dudley's decline?

Answer 47

It became an enterprise zone in the 1980's. Over 200 stores. Food court, leisure attractions, 7000 free car parking spaces, nearly 100 buses per hour. over 20 million visitors per year.

Question 48

Why is the waterfront also bad for Dudley?

Answer 48

600m from Merry Hill, 45,000m of office space, employs over 3,000 people.

Question 49

How has the bullring contributed to Dudley's decline?

Answer 49

£530 million investment, 160 shops, Selfridges in CBD.

Question 50

How has the metro system contributed to Dudley's decline?

Answer 50

Wolverhampton connects with Birmingham, making it easier to leave Dudley.