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AP Psych Vocab > Unit 3 Part 1 > Flashcards

Unit 3 Part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Developmental Psychology

A

A branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the lifespan

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2
Q

Teratogens

A

Agents, such as chemicals and viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm

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3
Q

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)

A

Physical and cognitive function deficits in children caused by their birth mother’s heavy drinking during pregnancy. In severe cases, symptoms include a small, out-of-proportion head and distinct facial features

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4
Q

Habituation

A

Decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation. As infants gain familiarity with repeated exposure to a stimulus, their interest wanes and they look away sooner

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5
Q

Maturation

A

Biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior, relatively uninfluenced by experience

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6
Q

Critical Period

A

An optimal period early in the life of an organism when exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces normal development

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7
Q

Sex

A

The biologically influenced characteristics by which people define male, female, and intersex

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8
Q

Gender

A

The attitudes, feelings, and behaviors that a given culture associates with a person’s biological sex

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9
Q

Menarche

A

The first menstrual period

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10
Q

Role

A

A set of expectations (norms) about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave

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11
Q

Gender Role

A

A set of expected behaviors, attitudes, and traits for men and for women

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12
Q

Gender Identity

A

Our personal sense of being male, female, neither, or some combination of male and female, regardless of whether this identity matches our sex assigned at birth, and the social affiliation that may result from this identity

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13
Q

Social Learning Theory

A

The theory that we learn social behavior by observing and imitating and by being rewarded or punished

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14
Q

Gender Typing

A

The acquisition of a traditional masculine or feminine role

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15
Q

Androgyny

A

Displaying traditionally masculine and traditionally feminine psychological characteristics

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16
Q

Sexuality

A

Our thoughts, feelings, and actions related to our physical attraction to another

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17
Q

Asexual

A

Having no sexual attraction toward others

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18
Q

Intersex

A

Possessing male and female biological sexual characteristics at birth

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19
Q

Primary Sex Characteristics

A

The body structures (ovaries, testes, and external genitalia) that make sexual reproduction possible

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20
Q

Secondary Sex Characteristics

A

Nonreproductive sexual traits, such as female breasts and hips, male voice quality, and body hair

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21
Q

Spermarche

A

The first ejaculation

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22
Q

Concrete Operational Stage

A

In Piaget’s theory, the stage of cognitive development (from about 7 to 11 years of age) at which children can perform the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete (actual, physical) events

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23
Q

Formal Operational Stage

A

In Piaget’s theory, the stage of cognitive development (normally beginning about age 12) at which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts

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24
Q

Lev Vygotsky

A

Came up with the Vygotsky Sociocultural theory asserting that a child’s cognitive development and learning ability can be guided and mediated by their social interactions

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25
Theory of mind
People’s ideas about their own and others’ mental states — about their feelings, perceptions, and thoughts, and the behaviors these might predict
26
Phoneme
In a language, the smallest distinctive sound unit
27
Morpheme
In a language, the smallest unit that carries meaning; may be a word or a part of a word
28
Grammar
In a language, a system of rules that enables us to communicate with and understand others. Semantics is the language’s set of rules for deriving meaning from sounds, and syntax is its set of rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences
29
Universal Grammar (UG)
Humans’ innate predisposition to understand the principles and rules that govern grammar in all languages
30
Sexual Orientation
A person’s sexual and emotional attraction to another person and the behavior and/or social affiliation that may result from this attraction
31
Jean Piaget
Developed Piaget's theory of cognitive development which proposes four different stages of the child development process
32
Cognition
All the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating
33
Schema
A concept or framework that organizes and interprets information
34
Assimilation
Interpreting our new experiences in terms of our existing schemas
35
Accommodation
Adapting our current schemas (understandings) to incorporate new information
36
Sensorimotor Stage
In Piaget’s theory, the stage (from birth to nearly 2 years of age) at which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities
37
Object Permanence
The awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived
38
Preoperational Stage
In Piaget’s theory, the stage (from about 2 to 6 or 7 years of age) at which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic
39
Conservation
The principle (which Piaget believed to be a part of concrete operational reasoning) that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects
40
Egocentrism
In Piaget’s theory, the preoperational child’s difficulty taking another’s point of view
41
Strange Situation
A procedure for studying child-caregiver attachment; a child is placed in an unfamiliar environment while their caregiver leaves and then returns, and the child’s reactions are observed
42
Secure Attachment
Demonstrated by infants who comfortably explore environments in the presence of their caregiver, show only temporary distress when the caregiver leaves, and find comfort in the caregiver’s return
43
Insecure Attachment
Demonstrated by infants who display either a clinging, anxious attachment or an avoidant attachment that resists closeness
44
Erik Erikson
ASK MRS. PALMER Developed theory of development, believing that humans' personalities continued to develop past age five and that the development of personality depended directly on the resolution of existential crises like trust, anatomy, intimacy, individuality, integrity, and identity
45
Basic Trust
According to Erik Erikson, a sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy; said to be formed during infancy by appropriate experiences with responsive caregivers
46
Diana Baumrind
Researched parenting styles, theorizing that children's behavior can be attributed to the specific parenting style they experience in their homes
47
One-word stage
The stage in speech development, from about age 1 to 2, during which a child speaks mostly in single words
48
Two-word stage
Beginning about age 2, the stage in speech development during which a child speaks mostly in two-word statements
49
Telegraphic speech
The early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram — “go car” — using mostly nouns and verbs
50
Aphasia
Impairment of language, usually caused by left hemisphere damage either to Broca’s area (impairing speaking) or to Wernicke’s area (impairing understanding)
51
Paul Broca
Discovered the speech production center of the brain
52
Broca's Area
A frontal lobe brain area, usually in the left hemisphere, that helps control language expression by directing the muscle movements involved in speech
53
Carl Wernicke
Discovered the area in the cerebrum responsible for receptive language/ speech phenomena in the superior gyrus of the temporal lobe
54
Wernicke's Area
A brain area, usually in the left temporal lobe, involved in language comprehension and expression
55
Linguistic Determinism
Whorf’s hypothesis that language determines the way we think
56
Linguistic Relativism
The idea that language influences the way we think
57
Ecological Systems Theory
A theory of the social environment’s influence on human development, using five nested systems (microsystem; mesosystem; exosystem; macrosystem; chronosystem) ranging from direct to indirect influences
58
Stranger Anxiety
The fear of strangers that infants commonly display, beginning by about 8 months of age
59
Harry and Margaret Harlow
Showed in their studies that the bond between mother and child in the first few years of life is extremely important for the mental health and development of the child
60
Unconditioned Stimulus (US)
In classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally — naturally and automatically — triggers an unconditioned response UCR
61
Unconditional Response (UR)
In classical conditioning, an unlearned, naturally occurring response (such as salivation) to an unconditioned stimulus (UCS) (such as food in the mouth)
62
Conditioned Response (CR)
In classical conditioning, a learned response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus (CS).
63
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
In classical conditioning, an originally neutral stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus (UCS), comes to trigger a conditioned response (CR)
64
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
In classical conditioning, a stimulus that elicits no response before conditioning
65
Social Identity
The “we” aspect of our self-concept; the part of our answer to “Who am I?” that comes from our group memberships
66
Social Clock
The culturally preferred timing of social events such as marriage, parenthood, and retirement
67
Associative Learning
Learning that certain events occur together. The events may be two stimuli (as in classical conditioning) or a response and its consequence (as in operant conditioning)
68
Respondent Behavior
Behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus
69
Operant Behavior
Behavior that operates on the environment, producing a consequence
70
Cognitive Learning
The acquisition of mental information, whether by observing events, by watching others, or through language

AP Psych Vocab (14 decks)

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