Unit 5 Part 1

Question 1

Applied behavior analysis

Answer 1

The extension of B. F. Skinner’s behavioral principles (i.e., operant conditioning) to practical settings.

Question 2

Psychoneuroimmunology

Answer 2

The study of how psychological, neural, and endocrine processes together affect our immune system and resulting health

Question 3

Stress

Answer 3

The process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, called stressors, that we appraise as threatening or challenging

Question 4

Approach and avoidance motives

Answer 4

The drive to move toward (approach) or away from (avoid) a stimulus

Question 5

General adaptation syndrome (GAS)

Answer 5

Selye’s concept of the body’s adaptive response to stress in three phases — alarm, resistance, exhaustion

Question 6

Tend and befriend response

Answer 6

Under stress, people (especially women) may nurture themselves and others (tend) and bond with and seek support from others (befriend).

Question 7

Gratitude

Answer 7

An appreciative emotion people often experience when they benefit from other’s actions or recognize their own good fortune

Question 8

Type A

Answer 8

Friedman and Rosenman’s term for competitive, hard-driving, impatient, verbally aggressive, and anger-prone people

Question 9

Type B

Answer 9

Friedman and Rosenman’s term for easygoing, relaxed people

Question 10

Catharsis

Answer 10

In psychology, the idea that “releasing” aggressive energy (through action or fantasy) relieves aggressive urges

Question 11

Problem focused coping

Answer 11

Attempting to alleviate stress directly — by changing the stressor or the way we interact with that stressor

Question 12

Emotion focused coping

Answer 12

Attempting to alleviate stress by avoiding or ignoring a stressor and attending to emotional needs related to our stress reaction

Question 13

Social anxiety disorder

Answer 13

Intense fear and avoidance of social situations

Question 14

Feel-good, do-good phenomenon

Answer 14

People’s tendency to be helpful when in a good mood.

Question 15

Adaptation level phenomenon

Answer 15

Our tendency to form judgments (of sounds, of lights, of income) relative to a neutral level defined by our prior experience

Question 16

Relative deprivation

Answer 16

The perception that we are worse off relative to those with whom we compare ourselves.

Question 17

Broaden and build therapy

Answer 17

Proposes that positive emotions broaden our awareness, which over time helps us build novel and meaningful skills and resilience that improve well-being

Question 18

Aversion therapy

Answer 18

A form of behavior therapy in which the client is conditioned to change or eliminate undesirable behavior or symptoms by associating them with noxious or unpleasant experiences, such as a bitter taste (for nail biting) or nausea (for alcoholism)

Question 19

Mindfulness meditation

Answer 19

A reflective practice in which people attend to current experiences in a nonjudgmental and accepting manner

Question 20

Biofeedback

Answer 20

Information about bodily processes and systems provided by an organism’s receptors to enable it to maintain a physiologically desirable internal environment and make adjustments as necessary

Question 21

Psychological disorder

Answer 21

A disturbance in people’s thoughts, emotions, or behaviors that causes distress or suffering and impairs their daily lives

Question 22

Medical model

Answer 22

The concept that diseases, in this case psychological disorders, have physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated, and, in most cases, cured, often through treatment in a hospital

Question 23

Diathesis-stress model

Answer 23

The concept that genetic predispositions (diathesis) combine with environmental stressors (stress) to influence psychological disorder

Question 24

DSM-5-TR

Answer 24

The American Psychiatric Association’s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, Text Revision; a widely used system for classifying psychological disorders

Question 25

Anxiety disorders

Answer 25

A group of disorders characterized by excessive fear and anxiety and related maladaptive behaviors

Question 26

Dialectical behavior therapy

Answer 26

A flexible, stage-based therapy that combines principles of behavior therapy, cognitive behavior therapy, and mindfulness. It establishes a “dialectic” between helping individuals to accept the reality of their lives and their own behaviors on the one hand and helping them learn to change their lives, including dysfunctional behaviors, on the other

Question 27

Learned helplessness

Answer 27

The hopelessness and passive resignation humans and other animals learn when unable to avoid repeated aversive events

Question 28

Panic disorder

Answer 28

An anxiety disorder marked by unpredictable, minutes-long episodes of intense dread in which a person may experience terror and accompanying chest pain, choking, or other frightening sensations; often followed by worry over a possible next attack

Question 29

Agoraphobia

Answer 29

Fear or avoidance of situations, such as crowds or wide open places, where one may experience a loss of control and panic

Question 30

Specific phobia

Answer 30

An anxiety disorder marked by a persistent, irrational fear and avoidance of a specific object, activity, or situation

Question 31

Martin Seligman

Answer 31

Leading authority in the fields of Positive Psychology, resilience, learned helplessness, depression, optimism and pessimism

Question 32

Positive psychology

Answer 32

The scientific study of human flourishing, with the goals of promoting strengths and virtues that foster well-being, resilience, and positive emotions, and that help individuals and communities to thrive

Question 33

Subjective well being

Answer 33

Self-perceived happiness or satisfaction with life. Used along with measures of objective well-being (for example, physical and economic indicators) to evaluate people’s quality of life

Question 34

Trauma and stressor related disorders

Answer 34

A group of disorders in which exposure to a traumatic or stressful event is followed by psychological distress

Question 35

Depressive disorders

Answer 35

A group of disorders characterized by an enduring sad, empty, or irritable mood, along with physical and cognitive changes that affect a person’s ability to function

Question 36

Bipolar disorders

Answer 36

A group of disorders in which a person alternates between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the overexcited state of mania. (Formerly called manic-depressive disorder.)

Question 37

Major depressive disorder

Answer 37

A disorder in which a person experiences five or more symptoms lasting two or more weeks, in the absence of drug use or a medical condition, at least one of which must be either (1) depressed mood or (2) loss of interest or pleasure

Question 38

Persistent depressive disorder

Answer 38

A disorder in which people experience a depressed mood on more days than not for at least 2 years (formerly called dysthymia.)

Question 39

Bipolar I disorder

Answer 39

The most severe form, in which people experience a euphoric, talkative, highly energetic, and overly ambitious state that lasts a week or longer

Question 40

Bipolar II disorder

Answer 40

A less severe form of bipolar in which people move between depression and a milder hypomania

Question 41

Mania

Answer 41

A hyperactive, wildly optimistic state in which dangerously poor judgment is common

Question 42

Rumination

Answer 42

Compulsive fretting; overthinking our problems and their causes

Question 43

Schizophrenia spectrum disorders

Answer 43

A group of disorders characterized by delusions, hallucinations, disorganized thinking or speech, disorganized or unusual motor behavior, and negative symptoms (such as diminished emotional expression); includes schizophrenia and schizotypal personality disorder.

Question 44

Psychotic disorders

Answer 44

A group of disorders marked by irrational ideas, distorted perceptions, and a loss of contact with reality

Question 45

Delusion

Answer 45

A false belief, often of persecution or grandeur, that may accompany psychotic disorders

Question 46

Chronic schizophrenia

Answer 46

(Also called process schizophrenia) a form of schizophrenia in which symptoms usually appear by late adolescence or early adulthood. As people age, psychotic episodes last longer and recovery periods shorten

Question 47

Acute schizophrenia

Answer 47

(Also called reactive schizophrenia) a form of schizophrenia that can begin at any age; frequently occurs in response to a traumatic event, and from which recovery is much more likely

Question 48

Dissociative disorders

Answer 48

A controversial, rare group of disorders characterized by a disruption of or discontinuity in the normal integration of consciousness, memory, identity, emotion, perception, body representation, motor control, and behavior

Question 49

Generalized anxiety disorder

Answer 49

An anxiety disorder in which a person is continually tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal

Question 50

Lithium

Answer 50

An element of the alkali metal group whose salts are used in psychopharmacotherapy as mood stabilizers; first used for the treatment of mania in the 1940s, but widespread use was limited by their toxicity

Question 51

Tardive dyskinesia

Answer 51

A movement disorder associated with the use of antipsychotics, particularly conventional antipsychotics that act primarily as dopamine-receptor antagonists

Question 52

Deep brain stimulation

Answer 52

A neurosurgical procedure used most commonly to treat the disabling neurological symptoms of Parkinson’s disease (e.g., tremor, rigidity, stiffness, dyskinesia), particularly when such symptoms cannot be adequately controlled with medications

Question 53

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)

Answer 53

A disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions), actions (compulsions), or both

Question 54

Hoarding disorder

Answer 54

A persistent difficulty parting with possessions, regardless of their value

Question 55

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

Answer 55

A disorder characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, hypervigilance, avoidance of trauma-related stimuli, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, numbness of feeling, and/or insomnia that lingers for four weeks or more after a traumatic experience

Question 56

Biomedical therapy

Answer 56

Prescribed medications or procedures that act directly on the person’s physiology

Question 57

Eclectic approach

Answer 57

An approach to psychotherapy that uses techniques from various forms of therapy

Question 58

Objective well being

Answer 58

An external, measurable assessment of a person's quality of life based on objective factors and indicators; includes/involves physical factors that widely account for our basic needs

Question 59

Subjective well being

Answer 59

How people experience and evaluate their lives and specific domains and activities in their lives

Question 60

Resistance

Answer 60

In psychoanalysis, the blocking from consciousness of anxiety-laden material

Question 61

Interpretation

Answer 61

In psychoanalysis, the analyst’s noting of supposed dream meanings, resistances, and other significant behaviors and events in order to promote insight

Question 62

Transference

Answer 62

In psychoanalysis, the patient’s transfer to the analyst of emotions linked with other relationships (such as love or hatred for a parent)

Question 63

Psychodynamic therapy

Answer 63

Therapy deriving from the psychoanalytic tradition; views individuals as responding to unconscious forces and childhood experiences, and seeks to enhance self-insight

Question 64

Insight therapies

Answer 64

Therapies that aim to improve psychological functioning by increasing a person’s awareness of underlying motives and defenses

Question 65

Person centered therapy

Answer 65

A humanistic therapy, developed by Carl Rogers, in which the therapist uses techniques such as active listening within an accepting, genuine, empathic environment to facilitate clients’ growth. (Also called client-centered therapy.)

Question 66

Active listening

Answer 66

Empathic listening in which the listener echoes, restates, and seeks clarification. A feature of Rogers’ person-centered therapy

Question 67

Unconditional positive regard

Answer 67

A caring, accepting, nonjudgmental attitude, which Carl Rogers believed would help clients develop self-awareness and self-acceptance. (Also known as unconditional regard.)

Question 68

Behavior therapy

Answer 68

Therapy that uses learning principles to reduce unwanted behaviors

Question 69

Counterconditioning

Answer 69

Behavior therapy procedures that use classical conditioning to evoke new responses to stimuli that are triggering unwanted behaviors; include exposure therapies and aversive conditioning

Question 70

Dissociative identity disorder (DID)

Answer 70

A rare dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalities. (Formerly called multiple personality disorder.)

Question 71

Dissociative amnesia

Answer 71

A disorder in which people with intact brains reportedly experience memory gaps; people with dissociative amnesia may report not remembering trauma-related specific events, people, places, or aspects of their identity and life history

Question 72

Personality disorders

Answer 72

A group of disorders characterized by enduring inner experiences or behavior patterns that differ from someone’s cultural norms and expectations, are pervasive and inflexible, begin in adolescence or early adulthood, are stable over time, and cause distress or impairment

Question 73

Antisocial personality disorder

Answer 73

A personality disorder in which a person (usually a man) exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing, even toward friends and family members; may be aggressive and ruthless or a clever con artist

Question 74

Feeding and eating disorders

Answer 74

A group of disorders characterized by altered consumption or absorption of food that impairs health or psychological functioning. (Feeding disorders typically occur in infants and young children, whereas eating disorders affect people who self-feed.)

Question 75

Anorexia nervosa

Answer 75

An eating disorder in which a person (usually an adolescent female) maintains a starvation diet despite being significantly underweight, and has an inaccurate self-perception; sometimes accompanied by excessive exercise

Question 76

Bulimia nervosa

Answer 76

An eating disorder in which a person’s binge eating (usually of high-calorie foods) is followed by inappropriate weight-loss-promoting behavior, such as vomiting, laxative use, fasting, or excessive exercise.

Question 77

Neurodevelopmental disorders

Answer 77

Central nervous system abnormalities (usually in the brain) that start in childhood and alter thinking and behavior (as in intellectual limitations or a psychological disorder)

Question 78

Hypomania

Answer 78

A state of enhanced mood and increased energy and activity that resembles mania but is milder

Question 79

Exposure therapies

Answer 79

Behavioral techniques, such as systematic desensitization and virtual reality exposure therapy, that treat anxieties by exposing people (in imaginary or actual situations) to the things they fear and avoid.

Question 80

Systematic desensitization

Answer 80

A type of exposure therapy that associates a pleasant relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli. Commonly used to treat specific phobias

Question 81

VR exposure therapy

Answer 81

A counterconditioning technique that treats anxiety through creative electronic simulations in which people can safely face specific fears, such as flying, spiders, or public speaking

Question 82

Aversive conditioning

Answer 82

Associates an unpleasant state (such as nausea) with an unwanted behavior (such as drinking alcohol).

Question 83

B.F. Skinner

Answer 83

Developed theory of operant conditioning and the token economy

Question 84

Token economy

Answer 84

An operant conditioning procedure in which people earn a token for exhibiting a desired behavior and can later exchange tokens for privileges or treats

Question 85

Dissociative Fugue

Answer 85

In DSM–IV–TR, a dissociative disorder in which the individual suddenly and unexpectedly travels away from home or a customary place of daily activities and is unable to recall some or all of their past