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ASI 500 > Unit 3, Part 5 > Flashcards

Unit 3, Part 5 Flashcards

(47 cards)

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1
Q

What is the study of how populations of a species change genetically over time called?

A

Population Genetics

This leads to a species evolving.

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2
Q

What does evolution refer to in the context of population genetics?

A

Change in allele frequencies of a population

The change results from mutations that produce genomic variation.

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3
Q

What is the total genetic diversity found within a population called?

A

Gene pool

It represents all the alleles present in the population.

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4
Q

What are the three types of frequencies that can be calculated in population genetics?

A
  • Phenotypic Frequency
  • Genotypic Frequency
  • Allele Frequency
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5
Q

What is the formula for calculating minor allele frequency (MAF)?

A

The allele frequency of the allele that is less common in a population

MAF must be less than 0.5.

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6
Q

In the context of allele frequencies, what does f(R1) represent?

A

Proportion of the dominant allele in a population

f(R1) + f(R2) = 1.

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7
Q

What is the Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium (HWE)?

A

A principle that describes the genetic variation of a population that is in equilibrium

Assumes no evolutionary forces are acting on the population.

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8
Q

What are the four forces that act on populations and can change allele frequencies?

A
  • Natural Selection
  • Genetic Drift
  • Mutation
  • Migration
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9
Q

What is fitness in the context of population genetics?

A

The reproductive success of an organism in passing its genes to the next generation

It is a measure of how well a species can adapt to its environment.

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10
Q

How do you determine if a population is in Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium?

A

By calculating the expected genotype frequencies and comparing them to observed frequencies

If they match, the population is in HWE.

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11
Q

Fill in the blank: The proportion of individuals in a population that have a particular _____________ is known as phenotypic frequency.

A

phenotype

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12
Q

Fill in the blank: The proportion of individuals in a population that have a particular _____________ is known as genotypic frequency.

A

genotype

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13
Q

What is the significance of each frequency parameter summing to 1?

A

It serves as a good math check

This ensures the calculations are correct.

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14
Q

In a population with incomplete dominance for flower color, what are the possible genotypes?

A
  • R1R1 = Red
  • R1R2 = Pink
  • R2R2 = White
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15
Q

What is the formula for calculating f(R1) given the number of homozygous and heterozygous individuals?

A

f(R1) = ((# homozygous R1 x 2) + # heterozygous) / total alleles

This is used to determine allele frequencies.

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16
Q

True or False: The Hardy-Weinberg principle applies only to large populations.

A

True

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17
Q

What does the term ‘speciation’ refer to?

A

The process by which new species arise

It is an important concept in evolutionary biology.

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18
Q

How do you read a phylogenetic tree?

A

By analyzing the branching patterns to understand evolutionary relationships

Each branch represents a lineage, and the points where branches split indicate common ancestors.

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19
Q

Fill in the blank: A group of species that can ___________ and share a common gene pool is known as a population.

20
Q

What is the proportion of individuals in a population that have a particular phenotype called?

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A

Phenotypic Frequency

This term refers to the percentage of individuals displaying a specific observable trait.

21
Q

What is the proportion of individuals in a population that have a particular genotype called?

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A

Genotypic Frequency

This term refers to the percentage of individuals with a specific genetic constitution.

22
Q

What is the proportion of an allele in a population called?

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A

Allele Frequency

This term reflects how common an allele is in a population.

23
Q

What does the Hardy-Weinberg Law relate to?

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A

It links genotypes to allele frequencies under specific conditions

These conditions include a large, randomly mating population with no evolutionary influences.

24
Q

Under Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium (HWE), what do the allele frequencies do from generation to generation?

Study These Flashcards
A

They do not change

This implies that there is no ongoing evolution affecting allele frequencies.

25
What are the key assumptions for a population to be in Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium?
* A population of sexually reproducing organisms * Large population size * Random mating * No selection * No mutation * No migration ## Footnote These criteria ensure that allele frequencies remain stable over generations.
26
What is the Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium equation for genotypic frequencies?
p² + 2pq + q² = 1 ## Footnote Here, p represents the frequency of the dominant allele, and q represents the frequency of the recessive allele.
27
What is the Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium equation for allele frequencies?
p + q = 1 ## Footnote This equation states that the sum of the frequencies of both alleles in a population must equal 1.
28
If f(R2R2) = 0.2, what is q²?
q² = 0.2 ## Footnote This indicates the frequency of the homozygous recessive genotype.
29
If q = 0.45, what is the value of p?
p = 1 - q = 0.55 ## Footnote This calculation derives from the equation p + q = 1.
30
What is the expected frequency of heterozygous genotypes (R1R2) under Hardy-Weinberg conditions?
f(R1R2) = 2pq ## Footnote This represents the frequency of individuals with one copy of each allele.
31
True or False: A population can be in HWE for some traits but not others.
True ## Footnote HWE applies to specific traits or loci, not the entire genome.
32
To calculate allele frequencies, what is the first step when given the phenotype counts?
Calculate the phenotypic frequencies ## Footnote This involves dividing the number of individuals with a phenotype by the total population size.
33
In a population with 91 black and 9 red individuals, what is the phenotypic frequency for black?
f(Black) = 91/100 = 0.91 ## Footnote This calculation shows the proportion of black individuals in the population.
34
How do you determine if a population is in Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium?
Compare the expected genotypic frequencies to the observed genotypic frequencies ## Footnote Discrepancies indicate that the population may not be in HWE.
35
What is the genotypic frequency of MM if there are 20 MM, 53 Mm, and 12 mm in a population of 85?
f(MM) = 20/85 = 0.24 ## Footnote This is calculated by dividing the number of MM individuals by the total number of individuals.
36
If the frequency of the B1 allele is 0.23 in one generation and changes in the next, is the population in HWE?
No ## Footnote A change in allele frequency indicates that the population is not in Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium.
37
Fill in the blank: Under HWE, each parameter will sum to _______.
1 (or 100%) ## Footnote This serves as a good mathematical check for calculations.
38
What is the expected frequency of the recessive genotype (bb) if q² = 0.09?
f(bb) = 0.09 ## Footnote This indicates the proportion of individuals with the homozygous recessive genotype.
39
What is Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium (HWE)?
A condition where allele frequencies in a population remain constant over generations. ## Footnote HWE assumes that the population is not evolving.
40
Which of the following is an assumption that must be met for a population to be in Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium?
A population must be large, the population is randomly mating, no mutation or migration, no selection. ## Footnote All these factors help maintain stable allele frequencies.
41
Fill in the blank: A population must be _______ to be in Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium.
large
42
True or False: A population in Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium experiences changes in allele frequencies over generations.
False ## Footnote In HWE, allele frequencies remain constant.
43
What indicates that a population is NOT in Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium?
Changing allele frequencies across generations. ## Footnote For example, if the frequency of an allele changes from 0.23 to 0.34 in one generation.
44
What is the significance of random mating in Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium?
It ensures that allele frequencies do not change due to preferential mating. ## Footnote Random mating prevents inbreeding and maintains genetic diversity.
45
Fill in the blank: No _______ or migration is an assumption for Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium.
mutation
46
Which of the following is NOT an assumption for Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium?
All of the above are assumptions that must be met for a population to be in HWE.
47
If the frequency of the B1 allele changes from 0.23 to 0.34, is the population in HWE?
No, because the allele frequency is changing in just one generation.

ASI 500 (21 decks)

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