Unit 3: Plants

Question 1

meristems

Answer 1

only places where growth occurs within plants- stem, branch and root tips. meristems create undifferentiated and unspecialized cells that make new cells through mitosis
includes cork cambium- produces bark and increases the width
vascular cambium- produces new vascular tissue
in stems it increases in length

Question 2

specialized tissues

Answer 2

• meristematic tissue
• surface tissue- epidermal tissue
• storage cells- large vacuoles that store the products of photosynthesis. in the leaves they are full of chloroplasts. pith is the centre of the stem that stores things
• support tissue- supports plants
• vascular tissue- transports nutrients

Question 3

vascular tissue

Answer 3

transports nutrients throughout the plant. xylem -transports water. phloem- transports sugars

Question 4

types of flowering plants

Answer 4

monocots which have scattered vascular bundles and dicots which have vascular bundles in rings

Question 5

plantae

Answer 5

multicellular eukaryotes, cell wall made of cellulose, photosynthetic, develop from multicellular embryos

Question 6

diploid vs haploid

Answer 6

diploid- sporophyte generation

haploid gametophyte generation (sperm and egg cells)

Question 7

plants need

Answer 7

sunlight
water and materials
gas exchange
movement of water and nutrients

Question 8

evolution of plants

Answer 8

plants evolved from green algae into mosses and mosses evolved the derived characteristic; vascular tissue. which evolved into ferns, that developed the derived characteristic seeds which gave way to coniferous plants and the seed eventually become enclosed which made flowering plants.

Question 9

mosses

Answer 9

no vascular tissue

Question 10

no seeds

Answer 10

moss and ferns

Question 11

flowers

Answer 11

have enclosed seeds

Question 12

seeds

Answer 12

gymnosperm- which have naked seeds and angiosperm which bear seeds in layers of protective tissue

Question 13

seed plants do not require water because..

Answer 13

they have flowers and cones
the sperm is transferred by pollination
The embryos are protected

Question 14

conifers

Answer 14

very common gymnosperm plants so they have naked seeds. conifer leaves are so good at surviving because the leaves on needles have a small surface area so water can’t evaporate, they have a waxy layer so water can’t escape and gas exchange cavities are below the surface

Question 15

angiosperm

Answer 15

have enclosed seeds and flowers which are the reproductive organs (ovaries). after flowers are pollinated they turn into fruits and animals consume them carrying seeds far distances.

Question 16

monocots

Answer 16

single cotyledon (first leaf produced by the plant)
parallel veins
floral parts in multiples of 3
vascular bundles scattered
fibrous roots

Question 17

dicots

Answer 17

doble cotyledon (First two leafs produced by plant)
branched veins
Floral parts in multiples of 4 or 5
vascular bundles are in rings 
taproot

Question 18

monocot stem

Answer 18

encloses a series of vascular bundles dispersed randomly around the stem. the phloem is on the outside and the xylem faces the inside and has larger cells

Question 19

dicot stems

Answer 19

vascular bundles arranged and organized in like a ringlike pattern. the pith is the centre of the stem on the outside of the vascular bundles is the cortex. again the xylem is facing the centre and the phloem is facing the cortex. between the phloem and xylem is vascular cambium which produces more vascular tissue

Question 20

apical meristem

Answer 20

occurs at the end of the root/ stem/ branches produces unspecialized, undifferentiated cells and increases in the length. PRIMARY GROWTH

Question 21

secondary growth ( dicots)

Answer 21

Increases in width. Cork cambium produces cork. Vascular cambium becomes continues between vascular bundles (between phloem and xylem). Produces secondary phloem and the outter phloem is crushed.

Question 22

secondary xylem

Answer 22

vascular cambium produces more phloem increasing the width of stem. the primary phloem which was created first is pushed towards the centre and becomes plugged with resin- won’t work and is known as the heartwood. While the secondary phloem is produced and is functional it is called the sapwood

Question 23

pith

Answer 23

is the centre

Question 24

layers of a tree starting from the outside

Answer 24

cork, cork cambium, secondary phloem, vascular cambium, secondary xylem( sapwood), heartwood( older xylem), pith.

Question 25

spring xylem cells and fall xylem cells

Answer 25

spring- larger than fall cells because they get a lot of nutrients they are lighter too. fall- not as many nutrients so the cells are smaller thicker and darker these two rings (lighter and darker) represent one year of growth for a tree and indicate the conditions the tree grew in

Question 26

formation of vascular cambium

Answer 26

young stems are produced through primary growth- primary xylem and phloem. secondary growth occurs at th cork cambium(producing cork) and the vascular cambium which is located between the xylem and phloem. the meristematic tissue forms producing new vascular tissue

Question 27

bark

Answer 27

all tissue outside of vascular cambium including phloem cork cambium and the cork itself. cork cambium surrounds the cortex. cork is dead. cork protects. cork prevents water loss

Question 28

female reproductive organ in flower

Answer 28

PISTIL includes- stigma- which is the uppermost part of the pistil and receives pollen grains during pollination. style- the sticky top part of the pistil directly above the ovary ovary- produces ovules it is the female reproductive organ at the base of the pistil

Question 29

male reproductive organ in flower

Answer 29

stamen includes-anther- tip of the flowers stamen that contains pollen Filament- stem of the anther and supports it

Question 30

petal

Answer 30

colourful leafy structure that attracts insects

Question 31

sepal

Answer 31

small leaves under the petals

Question 32

root is composed of

Answer 32

outer layer- epidermis. Inner part- composed of cortex and within the cortex are dark cells called starch granolas. centre- surrounded by endodermis and within that is the xylem which is in an x shape and little bundles of phloem around it.

Question 33

pollination

Answer 33

when pollen reaches pistil(female sex organ)

Question 34

flower

Answer 34

sexual ( male and female) organ of a plant and attracts insects for pollination.

Question 35

fruit

Answer 35

fruit is food for the seed. surrounds the seed and aids in the dispersal of the seeds

Question 36

fertilization

Answer 36

sperm fuses with egg.

Question 37

seed

Answer 37

embryo of new plant

Question 38

seed dispersal

Answer 38

animals wind and water and example of wind is a dandelion or tumbleweed and example of water is coconuts and an example of animals is bees they pollinate everything

Question 39

food in embryo

Answer 39

is actually the endosperm which supplies the embryo nutrients and eventually develops into the cotyledon ( first leaf)

Question 40

germination

Answer 40

seed sprouts in favourable conditions

Question 41

double fertilization

Answer 41

when pollen grain on stigma creates pollen tube and goes down into pistil and eventually to ovaries there are two sperm nuclei, one which fertilizes the egg and one which fuses with two polar nuclei to create a triploid cell which will grow to become the nutrient rich endosperm and it will be in the seed and supply the embryo with nutrients. egg-yellow sperm-red polar nuclei-blue

Question 42

what is a seed composed of

Answer 42

surrounded by seed coat, embryo attached to side and endosperm around the embryo.

Question 43

cuticle

Answer 43

uppermost layer of a leaf- on surface is waxy and prevents water loss

Question 44

upper epidermis

Answer 44

transparent cells that don't have many if not any chloroplasts.

Question 45

palisade cells

Answer 45

contain majority of the chloroplasts and they are parallel and vertical to each other. and just under the upper epidermis

Question 46

veins

Answer 46

in leafs are composed of the xylem which is on the upper epidermis side and the phloem they are the circles in the spongy mesophyll

Question 47

spongy mesophyll

Answer 47

spongy cells in leaf which contain air pockets and are below the palisade layer.and just above the lower epidermis.

Question 48

lower epidermis

Answer 48

bottom of the leaf. doesn't contain chloroplasts. contains stoma that is surrounded by guard cells that regulate the amount of air that goes into the air pockets for gas exchange.

Question 49

apical meristem

Answer 49

located at the tip of a root, stem, that increase the primary growth of the plant (length)

Question 50

cotyledon

Answer 50

first leaves of the seedling monocot-1 dicot-2

Question 51

polar nuclei

Answer 51

two haploid nuclei in the centre of the embryo same that fuse with the sperm nuclei creating the endosperm that supplies embryo with nutrients