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bio 20 > Unit 3 review > Flashcards

Unit 3 review Flashcards

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1
Q

elements

A

pure substances made of one type of atom

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2
Q

sodium

A

Na

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3
Q

potassium

A

K

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4
Q

inorganic compounds

A

compounds that lacks C-H bonds except for CO2(carbon dioxide) and CN(cynide) e.g water H2O and salt NaCl

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5
Q

organic compounds

A

chemical compounds in all living organisms that contains carbon and hydrogen. e.g glucose and sucrose.

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6
Q

reactants

A

substances before the arrow e.g carbon dioxide and water

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7
Q

products

A

substances after the arrow e.g glucose and oxygen

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8
Q

acids

A

less than 7 on PH scale e.g hydrochloric acid, stomach acid, lemon juice

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9
Q

bases

A

greater than 7 on PH scale e.g sodium hydroxide, ammonium

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10
Q

metabolism

A

all the chemical reactions that occur in the body. can be either anabolic or catabolic

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11
Q

monomers

A

a molecule that forms the basic unit for polymers e.g amino acids

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12
Q

polymers

A

substance or molecules made up of many monomers bonded together e,g many amino acids bond together to form a protein

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13
Q

catabolic reactions(hydrolysis)

A

break down of larger chemicals(polymers) into smaller units(monomers) e.g digestion which is the breaking down of food

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14
Q

anabolic reactions(dehydration synthesis)

A

combine smaller units(monomers) to make larger molecules (polymers) e.g photosynthesis

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15
Q

hydro(water) lysis(to cut)

A

the process by which a larger molecule is broken down using water into two smaller molecules

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16
Q

dehydration(to take water out) synthesis(to make)

A

the process by which larger molecules are formed by the removal of water from two smaller molecules

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17
Q

how to remember the connection between the terms

A

CHAD

Catabolic-Hydrolysis-Anabolic- Dehydration Synthesis

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18
Q

4 types of major organic compounds

A

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids

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19
Q

carbohydrates

A

bodies most important source of energy that is made in plants and it is composed of 1 carbon 2 hydrogen and 1 oxygen e.g glucose

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20
Q

purposes of carbohydrates

A

structural- cellulose(plants) and chitin(insects)

energy-starch(plants) and glycogen(animals)

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21
Q

monosaccharides

A

1 sugar unit- glucose,fructose and galactose

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22
Q

disaccharides

A

two sugar units- sucrose, maltose and lactose

formed by dehydration synthesis

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23
Q

polysaccharides

A

many sugar units and it’s formed by dehydration synthesis

roles
energy storage such as starch for plants and glycogen for animals
structural support- such as cellulose for plants and chitin for exoskeletons

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24
Q

glucose

A

1 sugar unit that is found in blood. also a main source of energy

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25
fructose
1 sugar unit found in fruits and it’s twice as sweet as glucose. also used for sweetners
26
galactose
1 sugar unit found in milk and it’s used as a nutritive sweetener
27
sucrose
2 sugar units fructose+glucose found in table salt
28
maltose
2 sugar units glucose+glucose found in seeds of germinating plants
29
lactose
2 sugar units galactose+glucose found in milk
30
starch
plant polymer of glucose created by photosynthesis
31
glycogen
animal polymer of glucose. excess glucose is stored as glycogen in liver and muscle cells
32
cellulose
glucose polymer found in plant cell walls known as finer and helps with digestion
33
chitin
glucose polymer found in exoskeletons of insects, crustaceans and birds beaks
34
lipids
made of Carbon Hydrogen and Oxygen
35
uses of lipids
energy storage | structural material like cell membranes, cushion of organs, insulation’s, hormones
36
types of lipids
phospholipids steroids and triglycerides
37
triglycerides
fat that is formed from one glycerol and three fatty acids by dehydration synthesis
38
2 types of triglycerides
saturated and unsaturated fat
39
saturated fat
comes from animalse.g butter, cheese, cream, meat single bonds are harder to break down solid at room temperature
40
unsaturated fats
comes from plants e.g canola oil, olive oils, nuts, avocado double bonds are easier to break down liquid at room temperature
41
phospholipids
cell membranes in which phosphate heads are hydrophilic and lipid tails are hydrophobic
42
steroids
formed from four fused carbon rings | important in making hormones e.g cholesterol like HDLs and LDLs
43
cholesterol
a lipid and modified steroid made in the liver which is required in animal cell membranes abs is used to make some hormones
44
LDLs low density lipoproteins
Bad but clogs arteries and can lead to a heart attack or stroke
45
HDLs high density lipoproteins
good but carries liver to be broken down and removed from the body
46
Atherosclerosis
fat accumulation on artery walls
47
proteins
made of amino acids and contains elements such as Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen and Nitrogen peptide chains are folded and coiled into a specific shape
48
amino acids
small subunits(monomers) that make up a protein(polymer)
49
peptide bond
bond between two amino acids and it is formed by dehydration synthesis
50
polypeptide chain
many amino acids arranged in a chain linked by peptide bonds
51
levels of protein structure
primary secondary tertiary and quaternary
52
primary 1 degree
amino acids are organized in a linear arrangement
53
secondary 2 degrees
amino acid chains are coiled or folded due to hydrogen bonding
54
tertiary 3 degrees
the coiled molecule is further twisted into a folded 3D shape
55
quaternary 4 degrees
interactions between different protein chains to form globular proteins
56
denaturation
temporary change in shape of protein by heat, radiation or PH changes which affects functions of proteins
57
nucleic acids
DNA and RNA heredity and protein synthesis monomer is nucleotide
58
vitamins
coenzymes that are organic molecules which help enzymes to work e.g vitamin A for vision, B for spinal defects, C to prevent scurvy, D to prevent depression
59
minerals
co factors that are inorganic molecules
60
simple sugar test(glucose)
benedict’s reagent | blue to yellow
61
starch test
iodine | amber to blue or black
62
protein test
biuret | blue to lilac
63
lupus test
red liquid or brown paper | opaque to translucent

bio 20 (3 decks)

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