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AP Psychology > Unit 3: Sensation and Perception > Flashcards

Unit 3: Sensation and Perception Flashcards

1
Q

Sensation

A

sensory receptors work normally, transmit information

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2
Q

perception

A

organization and interpretation of sensory information

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3
Q

selective attention

A

focusing on certain stimulus

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4
Q

inattentional blindness

A

failing to see something when you are focused elsewhere

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5
Q

choice blindness

A

failure to recall a choice immediately after we have made that choice

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6
Q

Selective Inattention

A

+ inattentional blindness - failing to see something when you are focused elsewhere

+ Choice Blindness - failure to recall a choice immediately after we have made that choice.

+ Change blindness - failing to notice changes in the environment

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7
Q

absolute threshhold

A

minimum stimulation needed to detect a particular stimulus
+ 50% of the time

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8
Q

Weber’s law

A

principle that if something can be perceived as different, the two stimuli must be different by a constant percentage

+ ex. a person is much more likely to react to a quiet commercial that suddenly doubles in volume than a commercial that only slightly increases in volume

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9
Q

signal detection theory

A

predicts when we detect presence of faint stimulus amid background stimulation

+ it varies on the persons experience

+ ex. a mother is more likely to hear a babies while others don’t

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10
Q

cocktail effect

A

ability to focus one’s auditory attention on a particular stimulus while filtering out a range of other stimuli.

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11
Q

subliminal stimulation

A

unnoticed background stimuli usually is not processed cognitively
+ no lasting effecfts

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12
Q

sensory adaptation

A

brain focuses on informative information, doesn’t respond to constant repetition

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13
Q

perceptual set

A

mental tendencies and assumptions that affects top-down, what we wear, taste, feel and see

Influenced by:
+ context
+ stereotypes
+ emotions

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14
Q

motivation

A

depends on cravings and focus

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15
Q

bottom-up processing

A

starts with sensory receptors and takes the information through the brain

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16
Q

top-down processing

A

brain deciphers information and uses experiences and expectation s to construct perception

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17
Q

cornea

A

the transparent covering over the eye serving as barrier between inner eye and outside world

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18
Q

pupil

A

opening in the eye that lets light in

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19
Q

iris

A

muscles that contract to adjust the amount of light

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20
Q

lens

A

transparent structure that provides additional focus

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21
Q

retina

A

light sensitive lining - collects visual info

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22
Q

rods

A

specialized types of photo receptors that work best in low light conditions
+ work on the outer layer of the retina

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23
Q

cones

A

specialized types of photoreceptors that work best in bright light conditions

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24
Q

ganglion cells

A

transmit signals from bipolar cells to optic nerve

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25
Q

bipolar cells

A

transmit signals from photoreceptors to ganglion cells

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26
Q

How does vision work?

A

eye receive light information and transduce or transform into neural signals

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27
Q

Amplitude and wavelength

A

+ red - long wavelength
+ purple- short wavelength

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28
Q

Fovea

A

+ area of central focus
+ color

29
Q

optic chiasma

A

separates left to right fields

30
Q

Young Hemholtz Trichromatic theory

A

RGB can make any color
+ eye must have these receptors
problem:
why do red-green colorblind people see yellow

31
Q

opponent process theory

A

+ sensory receptors are organised in pairs
+ fatigued sensors become less sensitive as you stare longer

32
Q

Feature detection

A

+ highly specialized visual cortex area
+ neurons that respond only to specific stimuli/features

33
Q

Parallel processing

A

the brain simultaneously: organizes color, movement, form and depth

34
Q

Retinal processing

A

. When light hits the retina, it stimulates photoreceptors, creating an electric signal that is conveyed through other neurons

35
Q

feature detection

A

specific cells clusters respond to its specific features of the bear

36
Q

recognition

A

compare data to stored information: matches data to a bear

37
Q

gestalt

A

organize form or whole

principles:
depth perception
+ allow us to judge distance
+ see 3D even though retina is 2D

38
Q

figure-ground

A

he ability to differentiate an object from its background.

39
Q

grouping

A

figure into meaningful form
+ how we create a whole that is more than the parts

40
Q

Binocular cues

A

two eyes help perception of depth

41
Q

retinal disparity

A

by comparing images from the two eyes the brain calculate distance

42
Q

monocular cues

A

depth cues for individual eye

43
Q

interposition

A

the overlap between horses allows you to perceive depth

44
Q

phi phenomena

A

illusion of movement when adjacent lights blink

45
Q

perceptual constancy

A

the perception of an object or quality as constant even though our sensation of the object changes

46
Q

how does hearing(audition) work?

A

ears take the vibrations and convert (transduction) them to nerve pulses

47
Q

conduction hearing loss

A

happens when sounds cannot get through the outer and middle ear. It may be hard to hear soft sounds. Louder sounds may be muffled.
(can be improved)

48
Q

sensory neural hearing loss

A

Hearing loss caused by damage to the inner ear or the nerve from the ear to the brain.

49
Q

congenital

A

hearing loss at birth

50
Q

place theory

A

we hear different pitches because sound waves trigger different parts of the membrane in the cochlea

51
Q

frequency theory

A

the rate of neural impulses travelling up the auditory nerve matches frequency of the tone and allows us to hear pitch
+ higher/lower sound- neurons fire faster/slower

52
Q

nociceptors

A

sensory receptor that detect temp, pressure, and chemicals

depends on:
+ genetics, and gender

53
Q

spinal cord in relation to pain

A

pain “gate”
+ larger fiber stimulation can interrupt small fiber (pain) signals

54
Q

phantom pain

A

pain from missing body parts

55
Q

natural pain kilers

A

endorphins

56
Q

unique type of taste

A

unami: proteins to grow/repair

57
Q

why taste?

A

+ food can bring pleasure
+ bitter taste could mean dangerous
+ survival advantages

58
Q

smell - olfaction

A

+ “old” sense does not go through thalamus
+ powerful memories associations

59
Q

process of smell

A

olfactory bulb -> limbic system (amygdala and hippocampus)

60
Q

kinesthesia

A

movement sense
+ spatial processing
+ parietal lobe

61
Q

vestibular sense

A

movement sense - enables balance
+ motion sickness
+ vestibular sacs and semicircular canal

62
Q

semicircular canal

A

three tiny, fluid-filled tubes in your inner ear that help you keep your balance.

63
Q

embodied congnition

A

how bodily sensation influences our cognition and judgement

64
Q

sensory interaction

A

+ smell + texture + taste = flavour

65
Q

synthesia

A

+ you hear music but see shapes
+ you hear a word and see a color

66
Q

action potential

A

ganglion cells attached to optic nerve which generate an action potential

67
Q

3 middle ear bones

A

+ hammer (malleus)
+ anvil (incus)
+ stirrup (stapes)

68
Q

psychophysics

A

study of quantitive relations between psychological events and physical events, or more specifically, between sensations and the stimuli that produces them

AP Psychology (10 decks)

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