Unit 3 The Revolution and New Republic

Question 1

What was the turning point in relations between England and its Colonies?

Answer 1

The French & Indian War

Question 2

French & Indian War Information

Answer 2

French build forts in the Ohio River Valley, thus halting British expansion westward. Governor of Virginia sends Colonel George Washington and a small militia to win control over the Ohio River Valley and Fort Duquesne.

Question 3

Fort Necessity

Answer 3

Washington loses to the French and allied Native forces on July 3, 1754. Provoking the final war for the empire of America.

Question 4

The Albany Plan of Union 1754

Answer 4

Coordination of a colonial defense, the British government called for representatives from several colonies to meet. The delegates from seven colonies adopted the Albany Plan of Union, developed by Benjamin Franklin. The plan provided for an inter-colonial government and a system for recruiting troops and collecting taxes for their common defense. Each colony was too jealous of its own taxation powers to accept the plan so it never took effect.

Question 5

General Braddock

Answer 5

In 1755 General Braddock led a force of 1,500 British regulars and Virginia militiamen out of Fort Cumberland in western Maryland to oust the French from Fort Duquesne. As Braddock neared the fort, the French and their Indian allies set out to ambush his force and unexpectedly met the British along a narrow roadway.
The French and Indians won.

Question 6

Native Americans choose sides

Answer 6

Oftentimes Natives sided with the French who treated them better during the war, however, the Iroquois Confederacy aligned with the British in 1758 while their enemy the Algonquins allied with the French.

Question 7

British Victory

Answer 7

Peace of Paris treaty signed in 1763, British accepted victory over France gaining French Canada and Spanish Florida.

Question 8

Proclamation of 1763

Answer 8

Prevents the colonists moving west past the Appalachian Mountains.

Question 9

War Debts and Reparations to England

Answer 9

Sugar Act: 1764 taxed all importations of sugar and molasses. Stamp Act: 1765 all documents, newspapers, pamphlets, and books are taxed.
Townshend Acts: 1767 on imports of paper, paint, lead, glass & tea.

Question 10

Sons of Liberty

Answer 10

Organized to fight the new taxes: protest, boycott, & induce violence against the British. For example the Boston Tea Party in 1773.

Question 11

Declaratory Acts

Answer 11

England could tax the colonies at will, and they didn’t need a reason to do so.

Question 12

Boston Massacre 1770

Answer 12

British soldiers fire into the crowd
Sam Adams & Paul Revere use event to ignite hatred against British, John Adams defends the soldiers in court.

Question 13

Intolerable Acts

Answer 13

The British Close the Boston Harbor, Cancel the Massachusetts Bay Colony charter, enact the Quebec Act offering toleration to French Catholics, and Forced colonists to house British soldiers.

Question 14

Toward War

Answer 14

First Continental Congress 1774: delegates from all the colonies come to meet and discuss what they should do, drafting of the declaration of rights. April 1775 “the shot heard all around the world”. Lexington and Concord, the British retreat.

Question 15

Independence Declared

Answer 15

Second Continental Congress 1775. George Washington appointed commander of the Continental Army. Olive Branch petition, last chance for peace – not signed. People rallied for independence with the Thomas Paine’s Common Sense

Question 16

July 4th 1776

Answer 16

Declaration of Independence signed.

Question 17

Red Coats

Answer 17

Successes: Well trained and disciplined, world’s best navy, better arms. Weaknesses: Had to cross the Atlantic Ocean, no knowledge of the landscape, divided government without strong leadership, hired the Hessians (mercenaries).

Question 18

Continental Army

Answer 18

Strengths: fought defensively, received aid from France and Spain, common cause, knew the landscape. Weaknesses: small navy, untrained and poorly equipped.

Question 19

Articles of Confederation 1777

Answer 19

Weakened Federal Government with strong State Governments. The Federal government had no power to levy tariffs or draft troops. Dependent on militias.

Question 20

Land Ordinance & The Northwest Ordinance 1787

Answer 20

Forbade extension of slavery into the Old Northwest. Had a series of settlement guidelines as well.

Question 21

Shay’s Rebellion 1786-1787

Answer 21

Rebellion of backcountry Massachusetts farmers who were losing farms (many of whom were veterans of the Revolution)
highlights the weakness of the federal government – no federal army to put down rebellion
leads to calls for a stronger federal government. Which occurred at the 1787 Constitutional Convention.

Question 22

Compromises

Answer 22

3/5th’s compromise: Slaves count as 3/5th’s of a person in a state’s population. The Great Compromise: two chambers in Congress: the Senate and the House of Representatives. The Senate would be based on equal representation for each state and the House would be based on population. Enacted the Fugitive Slave Law. Established the Presidency that would be elected through the electoral college.

Question 23

Anti-federalists

Answer 23

Wanted State power. For example, Patrick Henry, George Mason, and Richard Henry Lee. Supported the Articles of Confederation.

Question 24

Federalists

Answer 24

Wanted a strong central government. For example, Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, John Jay. Supported the constitution.

Question 25

Bill of Rights

Answer 25

Addition to the Constitution that provided for the protection of state and individual rights.

Question 26

Checks and Balances

Answer 26

President to Congress: veto legislation. President to Judicial: nominate judges. Congress to President: impeach president. Congress to Judicial: impeach judges. Judicial to Congress: declare laws unconstitutional. Judicial to President: declare presidential Acts unconstitutional.

Question 27

Hamilton's Financial Plan

Answer 27

Congress should assume states’ debts (“funding at par”) to build national credit; plan favored wealthy. 1791: Whiskey Tax (excise tax) & Tariff 1789 to raise federal revenue- Leads to Whiskey Rebellion. Est. of a National Bank - fed funds would stimulate business & print strong, stable national currency.

Question 28

Federalists

Answer 28

Rule by the wealthy class, strong federal government, emphasis on a manufacturing economy, British alliance, protective tariffs, national bank, loose interpretation of the constitution.

Question 29

Democratic Republicans

Answer 29

Rule by the people, strong State governments, emphasis on an agricultural economy, strict interpretation of the constitution, French alliance, state banks, and free trade.

Question 30

John Adam's Admininstration

Answer 30

XYZ Affair - 1797 - Diplomatic conflict when US envoy was asked to pay a hefty bribe for the “privilege” of meeting with the French foreign minister → “Quasi War” with France. Alien & Sedition Acts- 1798 - deport “dangerous foreigners” even in times of peace & silence and punish critics of the Federalists by fining or imprisoning anyone “defaming government officials” or “interfering with government policies”. Virginia & Kentucky Resolutions - Statements secretly crafted by Jefferson and Madison for the legislatures of Kentucky and Virginia that states could nullify national legislation they deemed unconstitutional.

Question 31

American Foreign Policy

Answer 31

1793 - Neutrality Proclamation - formal neutrality in the escalating conflict between England and France. Jay’s Treaty (1794) - unpopular, pro-British treaty that granted “most favored nation” status, but restricted U.S. commercial access to the British West Indies.Pinckney’s Treaty (1795) - with Spain - established southern boundary of US & secured free navigation of the Mississippi R. & trade in New Orleans.

Question 32

Women in the Revolutionary Era

Answer 32

Daughters of Liberty: made homespun garments and boycotted British goods. Molly Pitcher - Battle of Monmouth (1778) brought water to troops until husband was wounded and then she took his place, firing his artillery piece at the British Women like Deborah Sampson disguised themselves as men and fought in the army while many others took on support roles Republican Motherhood - women needed to be educated to raise virtuous citizens.