UNIT 3: TISSUE HEALING NOTES Flashcards
(100 cards)
1
Q
Syndrome
A
Group of signs and symptoms that indicate injury or disease.
2
Q
Something that you see is…
A
Sign (Objective)
3
Q
Examples of signs
A
Deformity, limping, bleeding
4
Q
Something that a person is feeling is…
A
Symptom (Subjective)
5
Q
Examples of symptoms
A
Aching pain, burning, drowsiness, fever, sharp pain
6
Q
Pathology
A
Structural and functional changes from injury
7
Q
Etiology
A
Cause of a disease
8
Q
Mechanism
A
Mechanical description of cause
9
Q
Diagnosis
A
Specific condition
10
Q
Differential diagnosis
A
Possible conditions that share the same symptoms or signs
11
Q
Examples of differential diagnosis
A
Fractures, headaches, strokes
11
Q
Working Diagnosis
A
A disease that hasn’t been ruled out
12
Q
Prognosis
A
Projected outcome
13
Q
What is needed in order to have a definitive diagnosis?
A
All aspects of the injury or illness must be considered
14
Q
What are the 3 stages of healing process?
A
Inflammation, Fibroblastic Repair, Maturation-Remodeling
15
Q
What is the goal of inflammatory response?
A
Prepare the body for healing
16
Q
What happens in inflammatory response?
A
- Cells start to die
- New capillaries form
- Type III Collagen Formation
17
Q
Vasodilatation
A
Increase blood flow to bring new cells/chemicals into the area for healing
18
Q
What are the important chemicals in inflammatory response?
A
Phagocytes/Macrophages
Leukocytes
Platelets
Histamine
19
Q
Phagocytes/Marophages
A
Cells that engulf & eat dead cells
20
Q
Leukocytes
A
White blood cells fighting infection
21
Q
Platelets
A
Carry blood clotting materials
22
Q
Histamine
A
Cause the vasodilitation
23
Q
How many days does the Inflammatory response lasts?
A
Injury to 4 days
24
What are the 5 cardinal signs of inflammation?
- Pain
- Swelling
- Heat
- Redness
- Loss of function/ROM
25
What is the goal of fibroblastic (repair) phase:
Repair the injured site
26
What happens in fibroblastic repair?
- Debris removal via phagocytes
- Scar formation via Fibroblasts
- Decrease in capillaries
- Absorption of Type III Collagen
- Develop New Tissues
27
Important chemicals of fibroblastic repair?
Fibroblasts, Chondroblasts, Osteoblasts
28
Fibroblasts
Lay new fibers
29
Chondroblasts
Build cartilage
30
Osteoblasts
How long does the fibroblastic repair lasts?
Build bone
4 days -- 3 weeks
31
What is the goal of maturation?
Return to normal tissue, strength, function
32
What happens in maturation phase?
- Re-absorption of all chemicals
- Scar maturation
- Production of Type 1 Collagen
33
Scar maturation
Re-alignment of fibers along normal lines
34
How long does the maturation phase lasts?
3 weeks - 2 years
35
Signs of infection
- Redness
- Heat
- Swelling
- Tenderness
- Abnormal or Purulent Discharge
36
Factors affecting the rate & extent of healing
Age, nutrition, fitness level, steroids
37
POLICE
Used for boots and crutches
Protection
Optimum
Loading
Ice
Compression
Elevation
38
Why is elevation important?
Helps with swelling
39
What are treating signs of infection?
Clean, cover and refer
40
What is collagen?
Contains protein fibers that help create an outer layer around tissues.
41
What forms scars?
Fibroblasts
42
What percentage of collagen is in the body?
80-90%
43
Where is Type I collagen found?
Skin, tendon, bone, ligaments
44
Where is Type II collagen found?
Hyaline cartilage & vertebral discs
45
Where is Type III collagen found?
Skin, smooth muscles, nerves, blood vessels
46
The skin is...
- Outermost surface of the body
- 1st line of defense against external forces
47
Functions of the skin are...
- Keeps bodily fluids in
- Picks up sensations
- Secretes and oily substance
- Incredible ability to stretch
48
What 3 layers make up the skin?
Dermis, epidermis & subcutaneous
49
How many bones are in the human body?
206
50
What 2 categories is the skeleton categorized?
Axial skeleton (ribcage, skull) & appendicular skeleton (arms & legs)
51
Function of bones are...
- Protect vital organs and structures from trauma
- Create movement
- Produce blood cells and store calcium and phosphorus
52
What are the types of bones?
Long, short, flat, irregular, sesamoid or floating bone
53
Where are long bones found?
arms & legs
54
Where are short bones found?
Hands, wrist, & feet
55
Where are flat bones found?
Sternum
56
Where are irregular bones found?
Vertebrae
57
Where are sesamoid bones found?
Patella
58
What does hyaline or articular cartilage do?
- Covers the ends of long bones
- Found between bones
59
Main functions of hyaline cartilage?
1. Joint structure
2. Absorb shock
3. Permit smooth bone movement
60
Where is fibrocartilage found in the body?
Intervertebral discs & meniscus
61
Functions of fibrocartilage
- Shock absorption
- Deepen joints for stability
- Provide nourishment to the joint
62
Functions of muscles:
- Allow body to accelerate, decelarate, stop movement
- Maintain normal postural alignment
- Produces heat
63
Functions of tendons:
- Connect muscle to bone
- Transmits the force a muscle exerts
64
Function of ligaments:
- Connect bone to bone
- Help form joints
65
What are the 3 muscle types?
Skeletal, cardiac & smooth muscle
66
What is skeletal muscle made out of?
Made of fibers that contract when a nerve tells it to move.
67
What is skeletal muscle attached to?
Attached to bones to create movement
68
Cardiac Muscle
Found in the heart
69
Smooth muscle
Found in hollow organs such as the stomach, and blood vessels.
70
What do nerves provide?
Provides sensitivity & communication
71
What is the basic never cell called:
Neuron
72
Neuron body:
Nucleus and dendrites
73
What are dentrites?
Respond to neurotransmitters from other nerve cells.
74
What conducts nerve impulses?
Axons
75
What is a force?
A push or a pull
76
What are the 2 responses to force?
Elastic & Plastic
77
Elastic Response:
- Small load
- Load removed: Material returns to original shape.
78
Plastic Response:
Deformation remains
79
What is axial force?
Forced that acts on the long axis of a structure.
80
Compression force:
A crushing or squeezing force.
81
Tension force:
Pulling or stretching the tissues.
82
Shear force:
Tends to cause sliding or displacement.
83
Bending:
Compression and tension
84
Torsion:
Tension circumferentially (twisting)
85
Wolff's Law
Realignment or remodeling of the scar tissue according to the tensile forces to which that scar is subjected.
86
Acute injury:
- Traumatic
- Sudden onset
- Results from a single force
- Macrotrauma
86
Chronic injury:
- Overuse
- Gradual onset
- Results from repeated loading
- Microtrauma
86
Skin injuries, contusions, sprains, trains and nerves are...
Acute soft-tissue injuries
87
What are avulsions?
A partial tearing away of the skin
88
What are blisters?
Accumulation of fluid between dermis & epidermis
89
Contusion is
Bruise, the onset is acute & the mechanism is compression
90
Contusions signs and symptoms are:
- Localized pain
- Ecchymosis (discoloration)
- Decreased ROM
- Swelling (edema)
- Nerve compression
91
What is a STrain?
Stretch or tear of a muscle or tendon, onset is acute & tension force
92
Damage to Fibers: Stretching
Weakness/LOF: Mild
Swelling: Mild
ROM: Decreased
1st Degree Strain
93
Damage to Fibers: Partial Tearing
Weakness/LOF: Moderate
Swelling: Moderate
ROM: Decreased
2nd Degree Strain
94
Damage to Fibers: Full tear
Weakness/LOF: Severe
Swelling: Severe
ROM: Depends on swelling
3rd Degree Strain
95
What is a SPrain?
Stretch or tear of ligament, onset is acute, mechanism is tension & concern is unstable joint
96
Damage to ligament: Stretching
Laxity: Minimal to none
Weakness/LOF: Mild
Edema: Mild
ROM: Decreased
1st Degree Sprain
97
