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A Chem Finale pt 2. > Unit 3.3 Chemistry of the p-block > Flashcards

Unit 3.3 Chemistry of the p-block Flashcards

(105 cards)

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1
Q

Define amphoteric behaviour

A

Can react with both acid and alkalis

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2
Q

What are 2 p-block elements to our concern?

A
  • Aluminium (Al)
  • Lead (Pb)
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3
Q

2 things about an Al+3 ion?
(Connectable)

A
  • Small and highly charged…
  • extensively hydrated solution (aqueous)
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4
Q

What is the aqueous form of Al+3?
(We may or may not stick with this)

A

[Al(H2O)6]+3

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5
Q

Eqn representation of sodium hydroxide to aqueous Al+3 ions?

A

Al3+ + 3OH- ⇌ Al(OH)3 (s) + 3H2O

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6
Q

“Product” (observation) formed for eqn representation of sodium hydroxide to aqueous Al+3 ions?

A

White + colourless ppt

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7
Q

If more OH- ions added to Al+3, what is created?

A

Aluminate ion

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8
Q

Eqn of creation of aluminate ion from adding more OH-

A

[Al(H2O)3(OH)3] + OH- ⇌ [Al(H2O)2(OH)4]-

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9
Q

How to reverse the reaction of the creation of aluminate ion?

A

Additions of acid

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10
Q

So which aluminium is the amphoteric?

A

Al(OH3) = Aluminium hydroxide

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11
Q

How to show the amphoteric behaviour of aluminium?
(2 ways)

A
  1. Al2O3 reacting w/ 3H2SO4
  2. Al2O3 reacting w/ 2NaOH + 3H2O
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12
Q

Amphoteric behaviour of aluminium w/ 3H2SO4 eqn?

A

Al2O3 + 3H2SO4 -> Al2(SO4)3 + 3H2O

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13
Q

Amphoteric behaviour of aluminium w/ 2NaOH + 3H2O eqn?

A

Al2O3 + 2NaOH + 3H2O -> 2NaAl(OH)4

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14
Q

2 things about Pb (lead)?

A
  • Pb2+ is derived
  • from PbNO3
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15
Q

Write eqn of Pb2+ w/ sodium hydroxide

A

Pb2+(aq) + 2OH-(aq) -> Pb(OH)2(s)

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16
Q

“Product” (observation) formed when lead(II) ion react w/ sodium hydroxide?

A

White ppt

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17
Q

But for excess sodium hydroxide, write the eqn of that for if it was Pb2+

A

Pb(OH)2 + 2OH-(aq) -> [Pb(OH)4]2-(aq)

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18
Q

Therefore, how do reverse reaction from plumbate ion?

A

Addition of acid (so similar wow)

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19
Q

The other iteration of Pb2+?

A

Pb(H2O)2

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20
Q

How to show amphoteric behaviour of lead (II)?

A
  1. PbO react w/ 2HCl
  2. PbO react w/ 2NaOH + H2O
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21
Q

Amphoteric behaviour of lead (II) w/ 2HCl eqn?

A

PbO + 2HCl -> PbCl2 + H2O

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22
Q

Amphoteric behaviour of lead (II) w/ 2NaOH + H2O eqn?

A

PbO + 2NaOH + H2O -> Na2[Pb(OH)4]

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23
Q

Define “Inert pair effect”?
(2-way)

A
  • Tendency of heavier elements
  • to form lower oxidation states
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24
Q

What causes the inert pair effect?
(2-way)

A
  • When s2 (2 inner electrons)
  • of e- not becoming involved
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25
In which groups may u see the "inert pair effect"?
3 4 5
26
Show me inert pair effect in group 3 (Bold = favoured oxidation state) (About 5 elements... use ur intuition to overcome this one)
B = **3** Al = **3** Ga = 1, **3** In = **1**, 3 Ti = **1**, 3
27
Show me inert pair effect in group 4 (Bold = favoured oxidation state)
C = 2, **4** Si = **4** Ge = 2, **4** Sn = 2, **4** Pb = **2**, 4
28
Show me inert pair effect in group 5 (Bold = favoured oxidation state)
N = **3, 5** P = **3, 5** As = **3**, 5 Sb = **3**, 5 Bi = **3**, 5
29
What does it mean for an atom to have a "full octet"?
Has all 8 electrons on outer shell
30
Tell me about "breaking the octet rule"? (3-way)
- Atoms w/ atomic no < 20 - tend to combine so valence shells have - 8 electrons
31
What are the 3 exceptions to breaking the octet rule? (() for 2 3)
1. Molecules have odd no of e- 2. Molecules have more than 8 e- (group 5 6 7) 3. Molecules have less then 8 e- (> group 3)
32
What are also 2 things that u must know for breaking the octet rule from AS?
- VSEPR - Shapes, degrees, BP LP , ye those shenanigans
33
In what scenario causes the coordinate bond? (2 things)
- Central atom has > 8 electrons - bonds with a "spare lone pair"
34
What is a dimer and its significance?
- Structure containing 2 identical compounds (Al2Cl6) - Has coordinate bonds
35
Remember carbon? What other element is analogous towards that one?
Boron Nitride (BN)
36
3 types of Boron Nitrides?
- "Graphite" - "Diamond" - "Graphene" ... idk the terminologies they kinda just showed it?
37
Properties of "Graphite"? (4 ("" thing) things)
- Doesn't conduct electricity (No delocalised electrons) - "Sheets stacked on top of each other" - ^ Slippery, layers slide over each other (weak vdw between) - High mp & bp (layers of strong covalent bonds) - **Has sp3 hybridisation insteada sp2**
38
Properties of "Diamond"? (5 things)
- Tetrahedral shapes (109.5°) - Hard (strong covalent bonds in all directions) - High mp & bp (strong covalent bonds) - No conduction electricity (no free e-) - Lattice like structures
39
Properties of "Graphene"? (6 things)
- Trigonal planar (120°) - Hexagonal layers (like "graphite") - Flexible (folded into tube-like structure) - Strong covalent bond - Low density - No conduction electricity
40
When going down group 4 elements, tell me about their oxidation state preferences? (3 things)
- From carbon downwards, +4 is preferable - Reaching tin it prefers +2 & +4 - Lead prefers +2 due to how delicate it feels
41
Explain carbon's oxidation state preference? Fe2O3 + 3CO -> 2Fe + 3CO2 (3-way)
- C = +2 -> +4 as shown clearly - Hence oxidised (OIL) - CO = [H]
42
Explain lead's oxidation state preference? PbO2 + 4HCl -> PbCl2 + Cl2 + 2H2O
- Pb = +4 -> +2 as shown clearly - Hence reduced (RIG) - PbO2 = [O]
43
How come lead (Pb) is the unique one in oxidation? (5 way)
- Pb real group is 28 - Periodic table isn't including lanthanide elements - Pb smaller than expected - ∴ S2 e-s are **inert** (6s2 not involved) - INERT PAIR EFFECT
44
CO2 "common" origins?
Gas sublimes from solid form (-78°C)
45
Nature of CO2? (2 things)
- Acidic base - Dissolves in H2O to form acid
46
Eqn of CO2 in water? + an additional significance?
CO2 + H2O ⇌ H+ + HCO3- (aq) - CO2 can neutralise a base
47
How to determine the base with CO2 rxns with such?
It's never **CO2** and **H2O**
48
CO2 reacting with NaOH solution eqn? - Guess the base
CO2 + 2NaOH -> Na2CO3 + H2O
49
CO2 reacting with NaOH solution eqn? (In excess) - Guess the base too
CO2 + NaOH -> NaHCO3
50
CO2 reacting with limewater eqn?
Ca(OH)2 + CO2 -> CaCO3 + H2O
51
Observation of CO2 reacting with limewater?
White ppt
52
Excess CO2 reacting with limewater eqn? ("2-part") - Name the category of the product
CaCO3 + CO2 + H2O -> Ca(HCO3)2 (aq) Salt.
53
Explain excess CO2 rxn w/ limewater? (2-way)
- Re-dissolves ppt to form solution - containing calcium & hydrogencarbonate ions
54
Why can't we extract Ca(HCO3)2 through evaporation? (2-way-1 thing)
- Only gain CaCO3 - due to temporary hardness of H2O - **Ca(HCO3)2 thermally decomposes**
55
With CO2 in mind, what about Lead(II) oxide (PbO)?
It's amphoteric.
56
Amphoteric nature of PbO eqn (w/ acid)? - Point out the acid and the base
PbO + 2HNO3 -> Pb(NO3)2 + H2O Acid = 2nd, Base = 4th
57
Amphoteric nature of PbO eqn (w/ base)? - Point out the acid and the base
PbO + 2NaOH + H2O -> [Na2Pb(OH)4] Base = 2nd, Acid = 4th
58
Define hybridisation? (2-way)
- Process of combining atomic orbitals - to create new hybrid orbitals
59
Which of the group 4 elements use sp3 hybridisation?
Carbon (C) and silicon (Si)
60
Show hybridisation of the 2 particular elements using sp3 hybridisation?
2s2 2p2 -> 2s1 2p4 (Ye not best visualisation) (Draw it urself, from 2s^2 to 2s^1, separation)
61
Significance of C & Si using sp3 hybridisation? (2 things)
- Can maximise distance apart - Can form sigma bonds with 4 cl atoms
62
Try draw 4 sp3 hybridised orbitals + sigma-covalent bond version (Of important however, state the shape + degrees)
Mleh - Tetrahedral, 109.5°
63
Why can't CCl4 react with water? (2 things)
- No d-orbitals - forms 2 immiscible layers
64
But what about SiCl4 rxn w/ water? (3 things)
- Violent in a hydrolysis reaction - Produces colourless solid - & misty fumes
65
Eqn of SiCl4 rxn w/ water? State colourless and misty ones.
SiCl4(l) + 2H2O(l) -> SiO2(s) + 4HCl(g) Colourless solid = 3rd, Misty fumes = 4th
66
However, difference for silicon? Hence, rewritten rxn of SiCl4 w/ water?
- Can have 3d subshells/orbitals SiCl4 + 4H2O -> Si(OH)4 + 4HCl
67
Why can't carbon be like silicon? ("2-way")
- Carbon no access to 2d & 3d subshell - Too high in energy
68
Ond, what about PbCl2 rxn w/ water? (3 things)
- Largely ionic character = fairly insoluble in cold water - Dissolves in hot water
69
Tho eqn of creation of PbCl2? State "category name" of product and a meticulous awareness?
Pb2+(aq) + Cl-(aq) -> PbCl2(s) - Solid ppt, dropwise Cl-
70
However, creation of PbCl2 in excess Cl- eqn? State product name
PbCl2(s) + Cl-(aq) -> [Pb(Cl)4]2-(aq) - Tetrachlorolead(II)
71
Pb2+ + OH- dropwise observation?
White ppt
72
Pb2+ + excess OH- observation?
Ppt dissolves (colourless)
73
Pb2+ + Cl- dropwise observation?
White ppt
74
Pb2+ + excess Cl- observation?
Ppt dissolves (colourless)
75
Pb2+ + I- dropwise observation?
bright Yellow ppt
76
Pb2+ + OH- dropwise compound formed?
Pb(OH)2(s)
77
Pb2+ + excess OH- compound formed?
[Pb(OH)4]2-(aq)
78
Pb2+ + Cl- dropwise compound formed?
PbCl2(s)
79
Pb2+ + excess Cl- compound formed?
[PbCl4]2-(aq)
80
Pb2+ + I- dropwise compound formed?
PbI2(s)
81
What are disproportionation reactions?
Goes under oxidation & reduction
82
How can chlorine have disproportionation reactions w/ what?
- Based on the conditions - With NaOH
83
The equation for Cl with **cold, dilute sodium hydroxide**?
2NaOH + Cl2 -> NaCl + NaClO + H2
84
Name of 2nd product from eqn of Cl w/ **cold, dilute sodium hydroxide**?
Sodium Chlorate (I)
85
The equation for Cl with **warm, concentrated sodium hydroxide**?
6NaOH + Cl2 -> 5NaCl + NaClO3 + 3H2O
86
Name of 2nd product from eqn of Cl w/ **warm, concentration sodium hydroxide**?
Sodium chlorate (V)
87
But what's so special about Cl2? (3 things)
- Strong oxidising power - Even the chlorate ion (ClO-) - Used in bleaching
88
Why is Cl2/ClO- used in bleaching?
Has an antibacterial effect
89
Eqn of ClO- being reduced?
ClO- + 2H+ + 2e- -> Cl-(aq) + H2O
90
When u add any sodium halide to a conc. H2SO4, what u get?
Hydrogen halide formed as a steamy gas
91
NaCl rxn w/ conc. H2SO4 eqn?
NaCl + H2SO4 -> HCl(g) + NaHSO4
92
NaCl rxn w/ conc. H2SO4 eqn.... State observation and from which product?
- HCl - Steamy fumes (colourless)
93
NaBr rxn w/ conc. H2SO4 eqn?
NaBr + H2SO4 -> HBr(g) + NaHSO4
94
NaBr rxn w/ conc. H2SO4 eqn... State observation and from which product?
- HBr - Misty fumes
95
Further reaction of NaBr rxn w/ conc. H2SO4 eqn?
2HBr + H2SO4 -> Br2(g) + SO2(g) + 2H2O
96
Further reaction of NaBr rxn w/ conc. H2SO4 eqn... State observation(s) and from which product(s)? (3.)
- Br2 + 2H2O = orange solxns - Br2 = brown fumes - SO2 = colourless fumes
97
NaI rxn w/ conc. H2SO4 eqn?
NaI + H2SO4 -> HI + NaHSO4
98
NaI rxn w/ conc. H2SO4 eqn... State observation and from which product?
- Misty fumes - HI
99
Further reaction of NaI rxn w/ conc. H2SO4 eqn?
8HI + H2SO4 -> 4I2 + H2S + H2O
100
Further reaction of NaI rxn w/ conc. H2SO4 eqn... State observation(s) and from which product(s)? (3.)
- 4I2 = purple fumes - H2S = rotten egg smell - Yellow solid
101
Put the 3 hydrogen halides in order of reducing ability?
I- > Br- > Cl-
102
Explain HCl reducing ability?
Difficult to oxidise
103
Explain HBr reducing ability?
Slightly easier to oxidise than HCl
104
Explain HI reducing ability?
Least ε° value, hence best reducing agent
105
Wordy but, we continue to experiment and I believe foundation is much imp together w/ understanding
Duh

A Chem Finale pt 2. (10 decks)

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