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A Chem Finale pt 2. > Unit 3.4 Chemistry of the d-block > Flashcards

Unit 3.4 Chemistry of the d-block Flashcards

(111 cards)

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1
Q

Define a transition metal

A

Metals that have a partially filled d-orbital (not fully)

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2
Q

When writing the electronic configurations of said transition metals, what can you write down first to save time B)

A

[Ar]

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3
Q

Common occurrence for writing electronic configuration of said transition metals?
(2-way)

A
  • 4s subshells always have a fill
  • Unless it becomes a x”+” counterpart
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4
Q

Thing to know if writing electronic configuration for the “x+ counterpart”?

A

All T.M lose 4s e- first

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5
Q

What can you say about the oxidation states of these transition metals?
(meh x2)

A
  • Fuckin varies…
  • from 1+ to +7
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6
Q

Why do transition metals have a range of oxidation states?
(1 + 2-way)

A
  • Due to 3d + 4s subshells
  • Similar energies + changes in ionisation
  • as each successive e- is removed
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7
Q

Tell me about oxidation states from Sc to Mn across period?
(2 end to ends)

A
  • More e-
  • More oxidation states available
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8
Q

Tell me about oxidation states from Mn to Zn across period?
(3 end to ends)

A
  • More H+??? (Nuclear energy)
  • More energy to remove e-
  • Less oxidation states
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9
Q

How come +2 state predominates towards RHS of d-block?
(2-way)

A
  • Easy to lose from 4s orbitals
  • 3d hold on to electrons due to nuclear energy
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10
Q

Describe a transition metal
(2 things)

A
  • Small
  • Can have large +ve charges
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11
Q

Benefit of a transition metal?

A

Many orbitals available for bonding

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12
Q

Define ligand?
(3-way)

A
  • Small molecule
  • w/ lone pair of e- that can
  • form a coordinate bond with a T.M
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13
Q

Examples of ligands in a T.M?
(Pick and choose out of 4 meh)

A
  • H2O
  • NH3
  • Cl-
  • CN-
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14
Q

What do you call a T.M. ion and a ligand together?

A

a complex.

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15
Q

What are the 2 types of T.M. complexes?

A
  • Octahedral (90° & H2O and NH3 ligands)
  • Tetrahedral (109.5° & Cl- ligands)
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16
Q

What are the 5 octahedral T.M. complexes to our concern?

A
  • Cu2+(aq)
  • Co2+(aq)
  • Fe2+(aq)
  • Fe3+(aq)
  • Cr3+(aq)
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17
Q

Cu2+(aq) colour?

A

Blue complex

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18
Q

Co2+(aq) colour?

A

Pink complex

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19
Q

Fe2+(aq) colour?

A

Pale green complex

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20
Q

Fe3+(aq) colour?

A

Yellow complex

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21
Q

Cr3+(aq) colour?

A

Dark green complex

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22
Q

What are the 2 tetrahedral T.M. complexes to our concern?

A
  • [CuCl4]2-(aq)
  • [CoCl4]2-(aq)
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23
Q

[CuCl4]2-(aq) colour?

A

Yellow/Green complex

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24
Q

[CoCl4]2-(aq) colour?

A

Blue complex

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25
Bond angle of the octahedrals?
90°
26
Bond angle of the tetrahedrals?
109.5°
27
How come Zn + Sc have no colour AND aren't actually considered a transition metal? (1 of each)
- Zn = full e- in d orbital - Sc ion = no e- in d orbital
28
Draw hexaaquacopper(II) ion in 3D (aka [Cu(H2O)6]2+ or Cu2+(aq))
The stage is yours
29
Write rxn of Cu2+(aq) w/ 4NH3(aq)
Cu2+ + 4NH3(aq) ⇌ [Cu(NH3)4]2+(aq) + 4H2O
30
From what colour does it go of rxn Cu2+(aq) w/ 4NH4(aq)?
Blue to **Royal blue**
31
What are the 2 possible arrangements of NH3 + H2O ligand?
- Axial - Equatorial
32
Draw axial version of NH3 + H2O ligand. What's the bond angle?
- Stages' yours - 180°
33
Draw equatorial version of NH3 + H2O ligand. What's the bond angle?
- Stages' open - 90°
34
What causes T.M. complexes to give different colours? (2-way)
- Electrons absorbing wavelengths of light - and are promoted to higher energy levels
35
How many steps are there to explaining elegantly how T.M. give off colour? (2 part series)
5 ultra mega amazing wooper steps
36
Step 1 of explaining elegantly how T.M. give off colour?
- Ligands form coordinate bond w/ T.M. ion
37
Step 2 of explaining elegantly how T.M. give off colour? (3-way)
- e- repulsion - between ligands e- + T.M's e- - in d-orbitals
38
Step 3 of explaining elegantly how T.M. give off colour? (3-way)
- Increases energy of d-orbital - due to spatial arrangement of d-orbitals energies - not all raised by the same amount
39
Step 4 of explaining elegantly how T.M. give off colour?
- Splits orbitals into different groups
40
Step 5 of explaining elegantly how T.M. give off colour? (2-way)
- Different ligands give different splitting - of orbitals ∴ gives different colours
41
Explain Cr3+ and its colour then? pt. 1 ("3"-way) (2nd of the "2 part series")
- Cr3+ has 3d3 - T.M coming into contact with ligand = splitting D-ORBITAL - ... Draw it.
42
Explain Cr3+ and its colour then? pt 2. (3-way) (Still 2nd of the part "2 part series")
- If ion excited, 1 or more of the e- will be promoted to higher energy orbital - Absorbs "red's λ" of light - Reflects dark green light due to colour wheel
43
Promotion of electrons to higher energy orbitals term is? + define it.
- d-d transition - Involves energy jump labelled E
44
d-d transition.... what'll the value of E depend upon? (3 things)
- Identity of the metal - Its oxidation state - Nature of the ligands in the octahedral complex
45
What's the equation to figuring out the energy then?
E = hc/λ h is planks constant
46
How to turn energy into Jmol-1 (total energy in 1 mole of substance) (2-way)
- Times by Avagadro's constant - Divide by 1000 for kJ
47
Cu2+ solutions are blue. Calculate the energy in kJmol-1 if a transition has a wavelength of **450nm**? U got this bro!
1. 450nm = 450x10-9m 2. E = (6.63x10-34 x 3x108)/450x10-9 = 4.42x10-19J per molecule 3. E x NA -> 4.42x10-19 x 6.02x1023 =266217Jmol-1-1 VOILA!
48
Define ligand exchange? (Unstable)
- Like how compounds can get substituted - Equivalent exchange type shi - Swaperoo typa move - Ye.
49
Write eqn of ligand exchange using hexaaquacopper(II) ions and HCl
[Cu(H2O)6]2+ + 4Cl- ⇌ [CuCl4]2- + 6 H2O
50
Ligand exchange using hexaaquacopper(II) ions and HCl... which compound is blue?
[Cu(H2O)6]2+ (Hexaaquacopper(II) ions)
51
Ligand exchange using hexaaquacopper(II) ions and HCl... which compound is green?
[CuCl4]2+ (Copper Chloride (IV) ion?)
52
Feature of the rxn being reversible for ligand exchange? + reason? (2-way)
- More of ligand = produce more of desired colour - As mixture of colours due to presence - of both complex ions (if ligand not "superior")
53
What happens if u increased conc. of H2O for ligand exchange? ("2" way)
- System produces more Cu2+(aq) - Or said metal.
54
How come more "Cu2+(aq)" produced if increased conc. of H2O? (2-way)
- Equilibrium shifts to LHS - in favour of reactants
55
Write eqn of ligand exchange using hexaaquacobalt(II) ions and HCl
[Co(H2O)6]2+ + 4Cl- ⇌ [CoCl4]2+ + 6H2O
56
Ligand exchange using hexaaquacobalt(II) ions and HCl... which compound is pink?
[Co(H2O)6]2+ (Hexaaquacobalt(II) ion)
57
Ligand exchange using hexaaquacobalt(II) ions and HCl... which compound is blue?
[CoCl4]2+ (Cobalt Chloride (IV) ion?)
58
How to revert to original colour for the ligand exchange?
Add water
59
What are **another** (hexaaqua… except 1) 6 octahedral T.M. complexes to our concern? (Colour and Formulae)
- [Fe(H2O)6]2+ - [Fe(H2O)6]3+ - [Cu(H2O)6]2+ - [Cu(NH3)4(H2O)2]2+ - [Cr(H2O)6]3+ - [Co(H2O)6]2+
60
[Fe(H2O)6]2+ colour?
A pale green complex
61
[Fe(H2O)6]3+ colour?
A yellow complex
62
[Cu(H2O)6]2+ colour?
A blue complex
63
[Cu(NH3)4(H2O)2]2+ colour?
A royal blue complex
64
[Cr(H2O)6]3+ colour?
A violet complex
65
[Co(H2O)6]2+ colour?
A pink complex
66
What are **another** 2 tetrahedral T.M. complexes to our concern? (Colour and Formulae)
- [CuCl4]2- - [CoCl4]2-
67
[CuCl4]2- colour?
A yellow or green complex
68
[CoCl4]2- colour?
A blue complex
69
Benefit of T.M. catalysts having a range of oxidation states? (2 things)
- They can accept + lose e- easily - Can catalyse redox rx̂ns
70
Define catalyst? (3-way)
- Substance that (alters/speeds up) - rate of rx̂n with itself - being chemically unchanged
71
But what does a catalyst technically do? (Are u a bum wt)
Lowers Ea for rx̂n (by providing alternative route)
72
What are 2 types of catalysts?
- Homogenous - Heterogenous
73
Define homogenous catalyst?
When catalyst + reactant = same state
74
Define heterogeneous catalyst?
When catalyst + reactant = different state
75
How to tell which catalysts' are the most useful? (2 things)
- Absorbs moderately - Holding molecules of diff state from outside surface
76
Which are the effective catalysts? (1 + "4" catalysts)
- T.M. in the middle - "V", Fe & Ni (& MnO2)
77
Use of Nickel catalyst?
Hydrogenation of Ethene
78
Eqn. of hydrogenation of Ethene?
C2H4(g) + H2(g) -> C2H6(g) (Ni OR Pt cat. O_o)
79
Temperature of hydrogenation of ethene?
150°C
80
Use of hydrogenation? (2-way)
- Change animal/vegetable fats and oils - into margarine
81
Use of Fe catayst?
Haber process
82
Eqn. of haber process?
N2(g) + 3H2(g) ⇌ 2NH3(g)
83
Temp. and pressure of haber process?
- Temp = 450°C - Pressure = 200 atms
84
Use of MnO2 catalyst?
Decomposition of H2O2 (PEROXIDE)
85
Eqn. of decomposition of H2O2?
2H2O2 -> 2H2O + O2
86
Use of Vanadium(V) Oxide catalyst?
The Contact process
87
What's the contact process for + amount of stages?
3-stage process to produce **sulfuric acid**
88
What does stage 1 produce? (Contact process)
SO2
89
Eqn. of stage 1? (Contact process)
S(s) + O2(g) -> SO2(g)
90
What does stage 2 produce? (Contact process)
SO3
91
Eqn. of stage 2? (Contact process)
2SO2(g) + O2(g) ⇌ 2SO3(g) (V2O5)
92
In stage 2, which way is exo and which way is endo? (Contact process)
- Right = exothermic - Left = endothermic
93
What does stage 3 produce? (Contact process)
H2SO4
94
2 eqns. of stage 3? (Contact process)
1. SO3 + H2SO4 -> H2S2O7 (**oleum**) 2. H2O + H2S2O7 -> 2H2SO4
95
Cr3+(aq) + OH- dropwise eqn?
Cr3+(aq) + 3OH- -> Cr(OH)3(s)
96
Cr3+(aq) + OH- excess eqn?
Cr(OH)3(s) + 3OH- ⇌ [Cr(OH)6]3-(aq)
97
Fe2+(aq) + OH- dropwise eqn?
Fe2+(aq) + 2OH-(aq) -> Fe(OH)2(s)
98
Fe3+(aq) + OH- dropwise eqn?
Fe3+(aq) + 3OH-(aq) -> Fe(OH)3(s)
99
Cu2+(aq) + OH- dropwise eqn?
Cu2+(aq) + 2OH-(aq) -> Cu(OH)2(s)
100
[Co(H2O)6]2+ + OH- dropwise eqn?
[Co(H2O)6]2+ + 2OH- ⇌ [Co(H2O)4(OH)2] + 2H2O
101
Cr3+(aq) + OH- dropwise colour?
Grey green ppt
102
Cr3+(aq) + OH- excess colour? (2, things)
Ppt dissolves, dark green soln
103
Fe2+(aq) + OH- dropwise colour?
Dark green ppt
104
Fe2+(aq) + OH- excess colour?
Dark green ppt (no change)
105
Fe3+(aq) + OH- dropwise colour?
Orange ppt
106
Fe3+(aq) + OH- excess colour?
Red-brown ppt (no change technically)
107
Cu2+(aq) + OH- dropwise colour?
Blue ppt
108
Cu2+(aq) + OH- excess colour?
No change
109
[Co(H2O)6]2+ + OH- dropwise colour?
Pink ppt
110
[Co(H2O)6]2+ + OH- excess colour?
NOTHING
111
Let's hella be dilligent hella ye stuff hella
Hella

A Chem Finale pt 2. (10 decks)

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