Unit 4

Question 1

The diaphragm is separated by the ___ tendon

Answer 1

Central

Question 2

What 2 accessory muscles do COPD patients use the most?

Answer 2

Sternocleidomastoid and Pectoralis major

Question 3

What muscle groups increase the A-P diameter?

Answer 3

Sternocleidomastoid and Pectoralis major

Question 4

What does A-P stand for?

Answer 4

Anteriorposterior

Question 5

A flat diaphragm is associated with ___

Answer 5

COPD or Emphysema

Question 6

1 cm of downward movement of the diaphragm will cause air movement of ____ ml.

Answer 6

350

Question 7

What nerve innervates the diaphragm?

Answer 7

Phrenic nerve

Question 8

What is the major muscle of ventilation?

Answer 8

Diaphragm

Question 9

Expiration should be active or passive?

Answer 9

Passive

Question 10

Why does the right hemi-diaphragm lie higher than the left?

Answer 10

Because of the liver

Question 11

Intrapulmonary pressure on inspiration:

Answer 11

-3 cmH2O

Question 12

Intrapulmonary pressure on expiration:

Answer 12

+3 cmH2O

Question 13

Intrapleural pressure on inspiration:

Answer 13

-9 cmH2O

Question 14

Intrapleural pressure on expiration:

Answer 14

-5 cmH2O

Question 15

Expiration should be ___ times longer than inspiration

Answer 15

2

Question 16

PEEP stands for ______.

Answer 16

Positive end expiratory pressure

Question 17

Normal PEEP in our lungs is ___ cmH2O

Answer 17

+3

Question 18

A tension pneumothorax will shift the trachea to the ____ side.

Answer 18

Unaffected

Question 19

A spontaneous pneumothorax will shift the trachea to the ___ side.

Answer 19

Affected

Question 20

How do you treat a pneumothorax

Answer 20

Place a chest tube and Oxygen

Question 21

Compliance and elastane are ___ related

Answer 21

Inversely

Question 22

A rubber band recoiling to its original shape is a property of ___

Answer 22

Elastance

Question 23

To decrease resistance you have to ____ the size of the lumen

Answer 23

Increase

Question 24

Define compliance:

Answer 24

The ease in which an object is distorted from its original shape

Question 25

Calculate Dynamic and Static compliance: Peak Pressure = 45 cmH2O Plateau Pressure = 38 cmH2O PEEP = 7 cmH2O Vt = 500 cc

Answer 25

Dynamic: 13.2 mL/cmH2O Static: 16.1 mL/cmH2O

Question 26

FRC and compliance are ____ related

Answer 26

Directly

Question 27

List 2 types of patients that will have an increased compliance:

Answer 27

Patients with emphysema or alveolar distention

Question 28

List 2 types of patients that will have a decreased compliance:

Answer 28

Patients with pulmonary edema or ARDS

Question 29

An emphysema patient will have a/an ____ in compliance and a/an _____ in elastance

Answer 29

Increase; decrease

Question 30

Surfactant is dependent upon a periodic _____

Answer 30

Sigh ((8-10x per hour) and pulmonary perfusion)

Question 31

Pulmonary surfactant is produced by the ____ cells and consists of ____

Answer 31

Type II, phospholipids

Question 32

T/F Surfactant helps reduce surface in the alveoli

Answer 32

True

Question 33

Why do our alveolar units not collapse from surface tension

Answer 33

Because of surfactant

Question 34

What does RAW stand for?

Answer 34

Airway resistance

Question 35

What is the formula for RAW?

Answer 35

RAW = Peek-pleateau divided by flow times 60 =___ cmH2O/L/sec

Question 36

What is normal RAW?

Answer 36

1.6 cmH2O/L/Sec

Question 37

Gas exchange occurs by ____

Answer 37

Diffusion

Question 38

Define diffusion:

Answer 38

Movement of higher to lower concentration

Question 39

CO2 diffuses ___ times faster than O2

Answer 39

19

Question 40

Name 2 gas laws that affect gas exchange:

Answer 40

Henry's Law, Graham's Law

Question 41

The higher the partial pressure, the more it will dissolve

Answer 41

Henry’s Law

Question 42

The lower the density, the more diffusible the gas is

Answer 42

Graham’s Law

Question 43

Normal PAO2

Answer 43

100 torr

Question 44

Normal PACO2

Answer 44

40 torr

Question 45

Normal PvO2

Answer 45

40 torr

Question 46

Normal PvCO2

Answer 46

46 torr

Question 47

Normal PaO2

Answer 47

80-100 torr

Question 48

Normal PaCO2

Answer 48

35-45 torr

Question 49

Normal Reynold's number

Answer 49

Turbulent flow >2000 Laminar flow <2000

Question 50

Normal PEEP

Answer 50

+3 cmH2O

Question 51

Normal Cardiac Output

Answer 51

4-8 Lpm

Question 52

The only vein that carries oxygenated blood is the _____

Answer 52

Pulmonary vein

Question 53

The only artery that carries deoxygenated blood is the ____

Answer 53

Pulmonary artery

Question 54

Define myocardial infarction:

Answer 54

Tissue death to the myocardium (Death of heart tissue)

Question 55

Define myocardial ischemia:

Answer 55

Tissue damage to the myocardium (Injury to heart tissue)

Question 56

Calculate cardiac output: VO2 = 250 ml/min CaO2 = 10 vol% CvO2 = 8 vol%

Answer 56

12.5 Lpm

Question 57

The largest artery in the body:

Answer 57

Aorta

Question 58

Another name for the mitral vale:

Answer 58

Bicuspid valve

Question 59

Trace blood flow through the heart and lungs; include pressures and where gas exchange occurs:

Answer 59

Inferior vena cava Superior vena cava Coronary sinus RA-5 torr Tricuspid valve RV-25 torr Pulmonic valve Pulmonary Arteries - 25/10 torr Lungs Arteriole Capillary - pulmonary Gas exchange Blood receives oxygen, and gives off CO2 into the alveoli Venule Pulmonary vein Left atrium - 8- 12 torr Bicuspid/Mitral valve Left ventricle - 120 - 140 torr (Semilunar) Aortic valve Aorta to the systemic circulation Arteriole Capillary Systemic gas exchange Venule Smaller vein Vein Back to the heart