Unit 4

Question 1

a.(Leaf diagram functions) Epidermis layer

Answer 1

It protects against water loss, regulates gas exchange, secretes metabolic compounds, and (especially in roots) absorbs water and mineral nutrients.

Question 2

b.(Leaf diagram functions) Mesophyll layers

Answer 2

is a leaf’s core underlying material. It is found in the middle of the leaf, between two layers of epidermal cells. It aids in gas exchange and photosynthesis via chloroplasts.

Question 3

c.(Leaf diagram functions) Guard cells

Answer 3

The two cells that flank the stomatal pore and regulate the opening and closing of the pore.

Question 4

d.(Leaf diagram functions) Stomata

Answer 4

Regulate gas exchange between the plant and environment and control of water loss by changing the size of the stomatal pore.

Question 5

e.(Leaf diagram functions) Vascular bundles

Answer 5

plant stem structure that contains xylem and phloem tissue

Question 6

(Leaf diagram functions) xylem

Answer 6

transports water and minerals to the leaves

Question 7

(Leaf diagram functions) phloem

Answer 7

transport the photosynthetic products to the other parts of the plant.

Question 8

a.(Chloroplasts functions) Stroma

Answer 8

The fluid of the chloroplast surrounding the thylakoid membrane; involved in the synthesis of organic molecules from carbon dioxide and water.

Question 9

b.(Chloroplasts functions) Thylakoids

Answer 9

A flattened membrane sac inside the chloroplast, used to convert light energy to chemical energy.

Question 10

c.(Chloroplasts functions) Grana

Answer 10

The stacks of thylakoids embedded in a chloroplast.

Question 11

d.(Chloroplasts functions) Lamellae

Answer 11

Increase the efficiency of photosynthesis by keeping grana at a distance so that they do not clutter together.

Question 12

e.(Chloroplasts functions) Thylakoid membrane

Answer 12

The photosynthetic membrane within a chloroplast that contains light gathering pigment molecules and electron transport chains.

Question 13

f.(Chloroplasts functions) Thylakoid lumen

Answer 13

A fluid-filled interior space enclosed by the thylakoid membrane.

Question 14

Photoexcitation

Answer 14

absorbtion of a photon by an electron of chlorophyll. The photon strikes the chlorophyll molecule and its electron gains energy and moves from its ground state to its excited state.

Question 15

Photosystems

Answer 15

Cluster of photosynthetic pigments and proteins embedded in the thylakoid membrane.

Question 16

Photons

Answer 16

A quantum, or discrete quantity, of light energy that behaves as if it were a particle.

Question 17

Electromagnetic Radiation

Answer 17

A form of energy exhibiting wavelike behaviour

Question 18

Spectroscope

Answer 18

An instrument that separates light into a spectrum.

Question 19

Electromagnetic spectrum

Answer 19

the range of wavelengths or frequencies over which electromagnetic radiation extends.

Question 20

Van Helmont

Answer 20

Plants grow by taking in water

Question 21

Joseph Priestley

Answer 21

Discovered oxygen gas

Question 22

Action spectrum

Answer 22

A graph that profiles the relative effectiveness of different wavelengths of radiation in driving a particular process.

Question 23

Van Niel

Answer 23

Photosynthetic transfer of electrons, from a donor to an acceptor

Question 24

Blackman

Answer 24

Light and Dark reactions, dépendant on CO2 availability

Question 25

Engelmann

Answer 25

Discovered how different wavelengths of light affect the rate of photosynthesis

Question 26

Ground State

Answer 26

Lowest Energy state of an electron

Question 27

Excitation

Answer 27

An electron being promoted from a lower to a higher energy level

Question 28

Reaction centre

Answer 28

Large protein complex containing chlorophyll a

Question 29

Photosystem 1

Answer 29

Captures light energy, converts to chemical energy, used to produce ATP + NADPH CYCLIC

Question 30

Absorption spectrum

Answer 30

The range of a pigment's ability to absorb various wavelengths of light

Question 31

Photosystem 2

Answer 31

Captures light… etc, produces ATP and O^2 Non-cyclic PS2 produces O2

Question 32

Accessory pigments

Answer 32

a.B-carotene b.xanthophylls c.anthocyanins

Question 33

Z-Protein

Answer 33

Protein produced by Ebola virus disease, or the way electron transfer chains are shaped “z-scheme”

Question 34

Photosynthetically active radiation

Answer 34

Light btwn the frequencies of 400-700nm is useable b photosynthetic organisms important for plant determines energy available for photosynthesis

Question 35

Phosphorylation

Answer 35

The production of ATP by chemiosmosis during the light reactions of photosynthesis

Question 36

Ground state

Answer 36

The lowest energy state of an atom

Question 37

Cyclic electron flow

Answer 37

Occurs in PS1 Transfer in closed loop Only produces ATP Balances rate of ATP+NADPH

Question 38

Antenna complex

Answer 38

number of chlorophyll and accessory pigments that absorb photons and transfer energy from pigment to pigment until they reach the reaction centre

Question 39

Reaction centre

Answer 39

protein complex containing chloryphyll a that absorbs the energy, passes the electron to an acceptor and becomes reduced.

Question 40

Non-cyclic electron flow

Answer 40

Occurs in both photosystems Linear transfer Produces ATP AND NADPH Generates O2 Known as Z scheme

Question 41

Photophosphorylation

Answer 41

The production of ATP by chemiosmosis during the light reactions of photosyntesis

Question 42

C 4 photosynthesis

Answer 42

modification for dry environments. C-4 plants exhibit modified anatomy and biochemical pathways, which enable them to minimize excessive water loss and maximize sugar production.

Question 43

CAM plants

Answer 43

plants close their stomata during the day, collect CO2 at night, and store the CO2 in the form of acids until it is needed during the day for photosynthesis.

Question 44

Transpiration

Answer 44

loss of water vapour from plants through the stomata

Question 45

Light reactions

Answer 45

first set of reaction of photosynthesis in which light energy exites electrons in chlorophyll molecules, powers chemiosmotic ATP synthesis, and results in the reduction of NADP+ tp NADPH

Question 46

Carbon fixation

Answer 46

The process of incorporating CO2 into carbohydrate molecules

Question 47

Calvin cycle

Answer 47

light-independent reactions of photosynthesis in which energy from ATP and NADPH is used to build high-energy compounds such as sugar.

Question 48

Factors affecting photosynthesis

Answer 48

a. Light intensity-light-compensation point, light-saturation point b. Temperature c. Oxygen concentration d. Carbon dioxide concentration e. Quality of light