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Grade 12 Biology > Unit 7/8 > Flashcards

Unit 7/8 Flashcards

1
Q

homeostasis

A

Process by which a constant internal environment is maintained despite changes in the external environment.

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2
Q

dynamic equilibrium

A

condition that refralns stable within fluctuating limits

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3
Q

negative feedback

A

process by which a mechanism is activated to restore conditions to their original state

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4
Q

positive feedback

A

process by which a small effect is amplified

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5
Q

thermoregulation

A

maintenance of body temperature within a range that enables cells to function efficiently

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6
Q

hypothalamus

A

region of the vertebrate’s brain responsible for coordinating many nerve and hormone functions

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7
Q

deamination

A

removal of an amino group from an organic compound

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8
Q

urea

A

nitrogen waste formed from two molecules of ammonia and one molecule of carbon dioxide

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9
Q

uric acid

A

waste product formed from the breakdown of nucleic acids

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10
Q

contractile vacuole

A

a structure in unicellular organisms that maintains osmotic equilibrium by pumping fluid out from the cell

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11
Q

ureters

A

tubes that conduct urine from the kidneys to the bladder

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12
Q

urethra

A

tube that carries urine from the bladder to the exterior of the body

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13
Q

cortex

A

outer layer of the kidney

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14
Q

medulla

A

area inside of the cortex

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15
Q

renal pelvis

A

area where the kidney joins the ureter

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16
Q

nephrons

A

functional units of the kidneys

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17
Q

afferent arterioles

A

small branches that carry blood to the glomerulus

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18
Q

glomerulus

A

high-pressure capillary bed that is the site of filtration

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19
Q

efferent arterioles

A

small branches that carry blood away from the glomerulus to a capillary net

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20
Q

peritubular capillaries

A

network of small blood vessels that surround the nephron

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21
Q

Bowman’s capsule

A

cuplike structure that surrounds the glomerulus

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22
Q

proximal tubule

A

section of the nephron joining the Bowman’s capsule with the loop of Henle

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23
Q

loop of Henle

A

carries filtrate from the proximal tubule to the distal tubule

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24
Q

distal tubule

A

conducts urine from the loop of Henle to the collecting duct

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25
collecting duct
tube that carries urine from nephrons to the pelvis of a kidney
26
filtration
process by which blood or body fluids pass through a selectively permeable membrane
27
reabsorption
transfer of glomerular filtrate from the nephron back into the capillaries
28
secretion
movement of materials, such as ammonia and some drugs, from the blood back into the distal tubule
29
threshold level
maximum amount of material that can be moved across the nephron
30
interstitial fluid
fluid that surrounds the body cells
31
antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
causes the kidneys to increase water reabsorption
32
osmoreceptors
specialized nerve cells in the hypothalamus that detect changes in the osmotic pressure of the blood and surrounding extracel-lular fluids (ECF)
33
aldosterone
hormone that increases Na+ reabsorption from the distal tubule and collecting duct
34
hormones
chemicals released by cells that affect cells in other parts of the body
35
endocrine hormones
chemicals secreted by endocrine glands directly into the blood
36
growth hormone (GH)
hormone, produced by the pituitary gland, that stimulates growth of the body; also known as somatotropin (STH)
37
insulin
hormone produced by the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas; insulin is secreted when blood sugar levels are high
38
epinephrine
hormone, produced in the adrenal medulla, that accelerates heart rate and body reactions during a crisis (the fight-or-flight response); also known as adrenaline
39
steroid hormones
group of hormones, made from cholesterol, that includes male and female sex hormones and cortisol
40
cortisol
hormone that stimulates the conversion of amino acids to glucose by the liver
41
protein hormones
group of hormones, composed of chains of amino acids, that includes insulin and growth hormone
42
cyclic adenosine monophos-phate (cyclic AMP)
secondary chemical messenger that directs the synthesis of protein by ribosomes
43
thyroxine
iodine-containing hormone, produced by the thyroid gland, that increases the rate of body metabolism and regulates growth
44
pituitary gland
gland at the base of the brain that, together with the hypothalamus, functions as a control centre, coordinating the endocrine and nervous systems
45
glucagon
hormone produced by the pancreas; when blood sugar levels are low, glucagon promotes conversion of glycogen to glucose
46
diabetes
chronic disease that occurs when the body cannot produce any insulin or enough insulin, or is unable to use properly the insulin it does make
47
adrenal medulla
found at the core of the adrenal gland, the adrenal medulla produces epinephrine and norepinephrine
48
norepinephrine
also known as noradrenaline, it initiates the fight-or-flight response by increasing heart rate and blood sugar
49
adrenal cortex
outer region of the adrenal gland that produces glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids
50
glucocorticoids
various hor-mones, produced by the adrenal cortex, designed to help the body meet the demands of stress
51
mineralocorticoids
hormones of the adrenal cortex important for regulation of salt-water balance
52
thyroid gland
a two-lobed gland at the base of the neck that regulates metabolic processes
53
parathyroid glands
four pea-sized glands in the thyroid gland that produce parathyroid hormone to regulate blood calcium and phosphate levels
54
thyroid gland
a two-lobed gland at the base of the neck that regulates metabolic processes
55
parathyroid glands
four pea-sized glands in the thyroid gland that produce parathyroid hormone to regulate blood calcium and phosphate levels
56
calcitonin
hormone produced by the thyroid gland that lowers calcium levels in the blood
57
goiter
disorder that causes an enlargement of the thyroid gland
58
parathyroid hormone (PTH)
hormone produced by the parathyroid glands, which will increase calcium levels in the blood and lower the levels of phosphates
59
prostaglandins
hormones that have a pronounced effect in a small localized area
60
anabolic steroids
substances that are designed to mimic many of the muscle-building traits of the sex hormone testosterone
61
testosterone
male sex hormone produced by the interstitial cells of the testes
62
spermatogenesis
process by which spermatogonia divide and differentiate into mature sperm cells
63
gonadotropic hormones
hormones produced by the pituitary gland that regulate the functions of the testes in males and the ovaries in females
64
follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
in males, hormone that increases sperm production
65
luteinizing hormone (LHI)
in males, hormone that regulates the production of testosterone
66
gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnH)
chemical messenger from the hypothalamus that stimulates secretions of FSH and LH from the pituitary
67
follicles
structures in the ovary that contain the egg and secrete estrogen
68
ovulation
release of the egg from the follicle held within the ovary
69
corpus luteum
a mass of follicle cells that forms within the ovary after ovulation; secretes estrogen and progesterone
70
flow phase
phase of the menstrual cycle marked by shedding of the endometrium
71
follicular phase
phase marked by development of ovarian follicles before ovulation
72
estrogen
female sex hormone that activates the development of female secondary sex characteristics, including development of the breasts and body hair, and increased thickening of the endometrium
73
luteal phase
phase of the menstrual cycle characterized by the formation of the corpus luteum following ovulation
74
progesterone
female sex hormone produced by the ovaries that maintains uterine lining during pregnancy
75
follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
in females, a gonadotropin that promotes the development of the follicles in the ovary
76
luteinizing hormone (LH)
in females, a gonadotropin that promotes ovulation and the formation of the corpus luteum

Grade 12 Biology (5 decks)

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