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Bio201 > Unit 4 > Flashcards

Unit 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Phylogenies are an example of what kind of explanation?

A

Backward-looking

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2
Q

What is a phylogeny?

A

A visual representation of the genealogical relationships of life, like a family tree (a type of conceptual model)

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3
Q

Phylogenies represent patterns of ____

A

relationships

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4
Q

Phylogenies depict the evolutionary _____ of species

A

relatedness

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5
Q

Patterns of lineage splitting are produced by ___

A

speciation

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6
Q

Speciation on a phylogeny is represent at

A

the nodes

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7
Q

What are phylogenies used for? (3 examples)

A

help develop new crops
identify new pathogens that make people sick
conserve endangered species

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8
Q

New traits can appear if

A

heritable variation originates AND becomes common within a species as a result of evolutionary processes (e.g. speciation)

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9
Q

Taxa (definition)

A

refers to the units (e.g. species) that we are studying and representing using the phylogeny

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10
Q

The number of taxa we study determines

A

the number of possible hypothesis

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11
Q

Character (definition)

A

any feature of an organism
the data we use to generate the phylogeny

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12
Q

Character State (definition)

A

describes the types of variation (condition) that we observe in our characters

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13
Q

Outgroups (definition)

A

taxa used to determine the direction, or polarity of character state changes

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14
Q

Parsimony (definition)

A

defined as “the best solution given the data we have” or “the simplest solution is the best solution”
Used to quantify the quality of each hypothesis using the data

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15
Q

Minimum state change given a data matrix

A

sum of the minimum number of character state changes for each character (number of characters minus 1)

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16
Q

Consistency index formula

A

minimum number of changes / tree length

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17
Q

The ___ on a phylogeny represent the location of common ancestors

A

branches

18
Q

Phylogenies are read

A

chronologically (usually bottom to top)

19
Q

MRCA stands for

A

most recent common ancestor

20
Q

Can branches on phylogenies be rotated? Why?

A

Yes. Evolution does not have a goal or direction. Rotation helps address biases in human thinking

21
Q

Phylogenies are used to identify hosts of major diseases (T/F)

A

True.

22
Q

How are phylogenies used to make predictions about evolution?

A

They can show how viruses from different people at different times are related to each other

23
Q

Phylogenies are used to guide the conservation of endangered species (T/F)

A

True.

24
Q

Phylogenies are used to accurately name species (T/F)

A

True.

25
Q

How are phylogenies used to understand how traits are assembled in a lineage over time?

A

Use of backward-looking explanations

26
Q

How can phylogenies help correct “naive” explanations for the presence of biological traits

A

Phylogenetic thinking highlights ancestry and takes the origins and the history of traits into consideration when explaining the presence of a trait in a living taxon

27
Q

Naive explanations focus only on

A

the current function of a trait as it exists today as the PRIMARY explanation for its existence (usually is not the case)

28
Q

These (7) can be found as fossils

A

DNA
Hard parts & skeletons
Soft tissues
Proteins + lipids
Footprints + traces
Embryos
Pollen

29
Q

Which kind of rock do fossils usually occur in?

A

Sedimentary rock

30
Q

Phylogenies and the fossil record help to

A

reveal how characters are assembled in a taxon
reveal stability and change in ecological relationships
understand the role that mass extinctions play in the evolution of life

31
Q

Background extinction (definition)

A

typical rates of extinction (very low level)

32
Q

Mass extinction (definition)

A

extinction occuring at a significantly higher rate

33
Q

Main result of mass extinction

A

major changes in earth systems at rapid rates

34
Q

Who survives mass extinction?

A

geographically widespread taxa tend to have lower extinction rates compared to localized taxa

35
Q

Do factors that impact survival during normal times ensure survival during mass extinction?

A

No.

36
Q

The fossil record cannot preserve detailed information about the ecological interactions of species from millions of years ago because behaviors cannot be fossilized (T/F)

A

False

37
Q

Phylogenies can be used to identify which processes caused evolutionary change (T/F)

A

False

38
Q

The fossil record rarely contains intermediates or “missing links” between different taxa (T/F)

A

False

39
Q

Phylogenies cannot be used to determine which evolutionary processes cause the evolutionary relationships among a group of taxa (T/F)

A

True

40
Q

Phylogenies are used to test whether the scientific names that taxa have been given reflect the similarity of their physical features (T/F)

A

False

Bio201 (8 decks)

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