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Bio201 > Unit 5+6 > Flashcards

Unit 5+6 Flashcards

1
Q

When a tree is alive it has energy stored in its living parts (leaves, roots, etc.). When the tree dies all the parts are still there, but no longer alive. How much of the energy is still in the dead tree?

A

All of the energy

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2
Q

As a plant grows, where does most of the matter in the plant come from?

A

Carbon in the air

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3
Q

As an endotherm (warm-blooded) species, your body produces its own heat. Where does the heat mainly come from?

A

The heat mainly comes from chemical energy in the foods you eat, released through cellular respiration.

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4
Q

When a mouse is alive it has energy stored in its living parts (muscles, fat, blood, etc.). When the mouse dies all the parts are still there, but no longer alive. How much of the energy is still in the dead mouse?

A

All of the energy

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5
Q

Which of the following is (are) the energy source(s) for plants?

A

Sunlight

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6
Q

Why does the same volume of coal hold more energy than the same volume of wood?

A

Because the coal has more chemical bonds than the wood

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7
Q

After sunlight strikes a plant and becomes involved in photosynthesis, what will happen to the suns energy?

A

The energy will change into another form of energy and be stored in the plant.

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8
Q

A sealed greenhouse (a glass building where plants are grown) contains many plants. After 1 week, all of the plants have grown a little larger. After 1 week, how will the mass of the air in the greenhouse change?

A

It will decrease, because the plants in the greenhouse are adding carbon from the air to their tissues

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9
Q

Photosynthesis evolved before there was a substantial concentration of Oxygen (O2) in Earth’s atmosphere. [True/False]

A

True

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10
Q

The action of what organism was required in order for the evolution of organisms with Oxygen-dependent respiratory metabolism to take place?

A

cyanobacteria

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11
Q

The first major increase of oxygen in Earth’s atmosphere was caused by photosynthetic bacteria. [True/False]

A

True

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12
Q

Bacteria were the first organisms to perform photosynthesis but were not the first organisms to perform nitrogen fixation. [True/False]

A

False

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13
Q

Which of the following processes first evolved in bacteria?

photosynthesis

nitrogen fixation

respiration

A

all of the above

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14
Q

Photosynthesis in bacteria can involve the production of formaldehyde. [True/False]

A

True

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15
Q

Which of the following is true?

A. Nitrogen fixation first evolved in bacteria.

B. Nitrogen fixation converts nitrogen from the air into forms that can be used by eukaryotes.

C. Nitrogen fixation occurs in environments that lack oxygen.

D. Nitrogen is essential for biological molecules including DNA.

A

all of the above

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16
Q

Which of the following statements is true?

A. Oxygen was present on Earth soon after the planet formed.

B. The great oxygenation event is associated with the origin of photosynthesis.

C. The production of carbon rich sugars was associated with the origin of photosynthesis.

A

none of the above

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17
Q

The evolution of vascular tissue is associated with large increases in size of many land plant groups compared to ancestral plants. [True/False]

A

True

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18
Q

The invasion of land by plants was associated with a massive increase in oxygen production. [True/False]

A

True

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19
Q

In both mosses and ferns, vascular tissue is present. [True/False]

A

False

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20
Q

All green plants are land plants. [True/False]

A

False

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21
Q

What is considered a “byproduct” of photosynthesis?

A

oxygen

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22
Q

What is the food for decomposers?

A

dead tissue
matter with organic molecules
matter with carbon-carbon bonds

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23
Q

Fill in the blanks: Photoautotrophs get their energy from _____ and matter from _______

A

the sun; inorganic molecules

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24
Q

What is different between burning coal and burning wood?

A

Burning wood puts carbon into the atmosphere that was in the atmosphere not very long ago but burning coal puts carbon into the atmosphere that has not been in the atmosphere for an extremely long time

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25
Q

Why is water not considered food?

A

because it has no carbon-carbon bonds

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26
Q

Chemoheterotrophs get their matter from

A

organic molecules

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27
Q

Which type of organism is mainly responsible for moving carbon atoms from wood to the atmosphere?

A

fungi

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28
Q

What if we burn some logs? What happens to the plant matter?

A

Most of the mass went into the air

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29
Q

How do coral reproduce?

A

sexual reproduction of larvae
asexual budding
fragmentation

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30
Q

What is one disadvantage associated with asexual reproduction?

A

lack of variation among offspring

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31
Q

What is present in both gymnosperms and angiosperms?

A

seeds and pollen

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32
Q

The two mature body forms present in cnidarians are

A

medusa and polyp

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33
Q

The main advantage of sporophytes and spores for mosses is…

A

the ability of offspring to disperse through the air

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34
Q

Plants produce ____ by meiosis

A

spores

35
Q

Why might it be advantageous for an individual to produce variable offspring?

A

if there is a change in the environment, some offspring may be able to survive
if a new pathogen attacks the population, some offspring may be resistant
if a new predator species moves into the habitat, some offspring may have traits that allow them to escape the predator

36
Q

In what way are cnidarians like humans in their reproduction?

A

they produce sperm and egg cells

37
Q

What angiosperm tissues is most important to the human population’s food supply?

A

endosperm

38
Q

The observation that almost all eukaryotes that have been studied have sexual reproduction is evidence for

A

the advantage of producing variable offspring

39
Q

Double fertilization results in the production of

A

one triploid endosperm and one diploid zygote

40
Q

Most of the genes that exist within our bodies belong to

A

bacterial cells

41
Q

When we eat corn kernels, we are eating

A

diploid tissue
triploid tissue
embryos

42
Q

An interaction between organisms in which one organism experiences increased fitness and one organism experiences decreased fitness is

A

predation

43
Q

What is the role of the human gut microbiome?

A

the gut microbiome plays a crucial role in digestion, nutrient absorption, and immune system regulation

44
Q

Aflatoxins can cause cancers and lead to death if infected food is eaten [True/False]

A

True

45
Q

In most land regions of Earth today, the flora (plant life) consists primarily of

A

angiosperms

46
Q

An interaction between organisms in which both organisms experience increased fitness is

A

mutualism

47
Q

Evidence that chloroplasts evolved from cyanobacteria exists in the form of

A

DNA sequence similarity between chloroplasts and cyanobacteria

structural evidence in the cell (e.g. membranes)

48
Q

Evidence that mitochondria evolved from bacteria exists in the form of

A

DNA sequence similarity between mitochondria and some bacteria

structural evidence in the cell (e.g. membranes)

49
Q

Coral provide __________ to their algal symbionts and the algal symbionts provide __________ to their coral hosts

A

protection; sugars

50
Q

From the perspective of our gut bacteria, which of the following is analogous to taking antibiotic medicine?

A

chopping down a forest

51
Q

An interaction between organisms in which both organisms experience lowered fitness is

A

competition

52
Q

mycorrhizal fungi provide __________ to their plant hosts and the plants provide __________ to their mycorrhizal symbionts

A

greater access to water and minerals; sugars

53
Q

Most land plants cannot grow well without

A

mycorrhizal fungi

54
Q

About how much of the electricity in the United States is generated by burning coal?

A

30%

55
Q

What is the explanation as to why prokaryotes are much more diverse in their metabolism and in their habitats than eukaryotes?

A

Prokaryotes came into existence billions of years before Eukaryotes and had a longer time to adapt and diversify than eukaryotes

56
Q

How did fungi make it possible for plants to colonize the land?

A

broke down rocks and organic molecules to make nutrient-rich soils
enabled phosphorous to be taken up by plants

57
Q

Mosses produce haploid zygotes [True/False]

A

False

58
Q

The most recent common ancestor of all eukaryotes had mitochondria, which evolved from bacteria [True/False]

A

True

59
Q

Denitrification evolved first in eukaryotes [True/False]

A

False

60
Q

Bacteria can convert atmospheric nitrogen into forms usable by life [True/False]

A

True

61
Q

Which of the following produces ammonia?

A. Biological nitrogen fixation

B. Production of fertilizer using the Haber-Bosch process

C. Decomposition of human waste

A

all of the above

62
Q

What do greenhouse gases do?

A

absorb infrared radiation and redirect heat energy towards earth

63
Q

Water is a significant source of energy for plants [True/False]

A

False

64
Q

Air (including CO2) is a significant source of energy for plants [True/False]

A

False

65
Q

Nutrients and minerals in soil are a significant source of energy for plants [True/False]

A

False

66
Q

Respiration releases energy in both plants and animals [True/False]

A

True

67
Q

Fruits are formed from

A

flowers

68
Q

What is the main function of fruits?

A

to disperse seeds

69
Q

The ability of plants to be evergreen is thought to represent an adaptation to short-growth season habitats [True/False]

A

True

70
Q

Seeds are a synapomorphy for the group [angiosperms+gymnosperms]. [True/False]

A

True

71
Q

What is the function of the xylem?

A

transports water from root to leaves

72
Q

The invasion of land plants is associated with

A

massive increase in O2 production

73
Q

All land plants have spores [True/False]

A

True

74
Q

As a result of the evolution of vascular tissue in plants…

A

plants became bigger in size and their fossils became coal deposits

75
Q

Fruit and flowers are synapomorphies of the angiosperms [True/False]

A

True

76
Q

The origin of stomata is associated with

A

the origin of land plants

77
Q

What is the function of the stomata?

A

gas exchange

78
Q

What is the function of the flower?

A

produce fruit

79
Q

What is the function of the cuticle?

A

helps plants retain water

80
Q

The presence of spores is shared by mosses and angiosperms [True/False]

A

True

81
Q

The retention of eggs in the parental organism evolved before the colonization of land by plants [True/False]

A

True

82
Q

Mosses can live far away from water [True/False]

A

False

83
Q

Gymnosperms are wind pollenated [True/False]

A

True

84
Q

Where do roots obtain their food?

A

The phloem

Bio201 (8 decks)

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